Process for manufacturing a hydrogen-containing synthesis gas from a natural gas feedstock, comprising the conversion of said natural gas into a raw product gas and purification of said product gas, the process having a heat input provided by combustion of a fuel; said process comprises a step of conversion of a carbonaceous feedstock, and at least a portion of said fuel is a gaseous fuel obtained by said step of conversion of said carbonaceous feedstock.

A chemical plant comprising a refrigeration system including an absorption refrigeration unit, and a steam system including one or more steam producers, steam users, and at least one steam condenser, wherein a heat exchanger is arranged to intercept at least part of a steam flow directed to said steam condenser, and said heat exchanger transfers heat to a working fluid of said absorption refrigeration unit to provide at least part of a heat input required for operation of said refrigeration system.

A process for the combined preparation of methanol and ammonia based on primary steam reforming a hydrocarbon feed stock and adiabatic secondary reforming with oxygen enriched air from electrolysis of water.

Parallel co-production process for the production of methanol and urea product from a hydrocarbon containing feed-stock by means of primary and secondary reforming, intermediary methanol and ammonia formation and conversion of the ammonia to urea product and catalytic oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde.

There are provided systems and methods for using partial oxidation to produce an end product from hydrocarbon gases, such as flare gas. There are provided methods and systems to minimize the amount of compression work needed for an air breathing engine reformer in a gas-to-liquid system and method by one or more of: (a) reducing the amount of nitrogen; (b) increasing back-pressure of the engine reformer from standard 1 or 2 bar, to up to 5 bar; (c) use of a turbo-expander to recover much of the compression work, thus lowering the cost, among other efficiencies, to operate a plant; and (d) utilizing an intensified synthesis loop to achieve acceptable methanol synthesis at lower overall pressure. In an embodiment, the end product is methanol.

Process and plant for the synthesis of ammonia from a hydrocarbon feedstock, comprising: primary reforming with steam and air-fired secondary reforming wherein primary reforming is performed at a temperature and pressure of at least 790 C. and 50 bar, and secondary reforming is carried out substantially in absence of excess air, the so obtained make-up synthesis gas having a H.sub.2 to N.sub.2 molar ratio in the range 2.5 to 3.

A method of co-producing a carbon dioxide containing stream and a syngas stream, including, introducing a first high-pressure hydrocarbon containing stream and a first high-pressure oxygen containing stream into a syngas generator, thereby producing a high-pressure syngas stream, introducing a second high-pressure hydrocarbon containing stream and a second high-pressure oxygen containing stream into an oxy-combustion device, thereby producing a high-pressure carbon dioxide containing stream, and introducing the high-pressure carbon dioxide containing stream into a work expander, thereby generating work and a carbon dioxide containing stream.

A method of co-producing a carbon dioxide containing stream and a syngas stream, including introducing a high-pressure hydrocarbon containing stream and a high-pressure oxygen containing stream into a syngas generator, thereby producing a high-pressure syngas stream, introducing a low-pressure hydrocarbon containing stream and a low-pressure oxygen containing stream into an oxy-combustion device, thereby producing a low-pressure carbon dioxide containing stream, and introducing the low-pressure carbon dioxide containing stream into a waste het boiler, thereby producing steam, and introducing the steam into a work expander, thereby generating work and a carbon dioxide containing stream.

Disclosed is a technology based upon the nesting of tubes to provide chemical reactors or chemical reactors with built in heat exchanger. As a chemical reactor, the technology provides the ability to manage the temperature within a process flow for improved performance, control the location of reactions for corrosion control, or implement multiple process steps within the same piece of equipment. As a chemical reactor with built in heat exchanger, the technology can provide large surface areas per unit volume and large heat transfer coefficients. The technology can recover the thermal energy from the product flow to heat the reactant flow to the reactant temperature, significantly reducing the energy needs for accomplishment of a process.

A process for producing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon gas comprising contacting at elevated temperature the hydrocarbon gas with a catalyst to catalytically convert the hydrocarbon gas to hydrogen and solid carbon; wherein, the catalyst comprises one or both of the following: (a) a calcined Fe-containing catalyst; or (b) a bimetallic M.sub.xNi.sub.y-type catalyst supported on a substrate.