An apparatus to decompose a hydrocarbon reactant into a gaseous product and a solid product includes a reactor volume, a reservoir of liquid material, a plurality of nozzles connected to the reservoir of liquid material, the plurality of nozzles configured to distribute the liquid material into the reactor volume from the reservoir as a liquid mist, a gas inlet connected to a hydrocarbon gas source to receive hydrocarbon gas reactant, a distributor connected to the inlet to distribute the hydrocarbon gas reactant into the reactor volume, a heat source located adjacent the reactor volume configured to heat the reactor volume, a separator to separate the solid product from the liquid material, a re-circulation path connected between the reactor volume and the reservoir to re-circulate the liquid material from the reactor volume to the reservoir, a gas outlet connected to the reactor volume configured to outlet hydrogen gas from the reactor volume, and at least one filter connected to the gas outlet to remove entrained solid product from the hydrogen gas.

A method to decompose a hydrocarbon reactant into a gaseous product and a solid product includes generating a mist of a liquid material within a reactor volume, heating the reactor volume, introducing a hydrocarbon reactant into the reactor volume to produce a solid product and a gaseous product, separating the solid product from the liquid material, removing the solid product and gaseous product from the reactor volume, and recirculating the liquid material be re-introduced to the reactor volume.

The present invention discloses a process for the photocatalytic splitting of water using self-assembled metalloporphyrin 2D-sheet of formula (I) to form hydrogen and oxygen.

The present invention relates to the technical field of catalysts, and discloses a yolk/shell-type Co.sub.xCu.sub.1-xCo.sub.2O.sub.4@Co.sub.yCu.sub.1-yCo.sub.2O.sub.4 catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof to catalytic hydrogen generation. The preparation method of the yolk/shell-type Co.sub.xCu.sub.1-xCo.sub.2O.sub.4@Co.sub.yCu.sub.1-yCo.sub.2O.sub.4 catalyst includes the steps of: successfully synthesizing, by applying a hydrothermal synthesis method, a [Co(C.sub.6H.sub.12N.sub.4).sub.2](NO.sub.3).sub.2 solid sphere complex from a cobalt salt and hexamethyleneteramine serving as an alkali source; and then, performing calcination to obtain a yolk/shell-type Co.sub.3O.sub.4 microsphere structure, adsorbing Cu.sup.2+ on a surface in a physical adsorption manner, and performing calcination again to form yolk/shell-type Co.sub.xCu.sub.1-xCo.sub.2O.sub.4@Co.sub.yCu.sub.1-yCo.sub.2O.sub.4. The preparation method is simple, raw materials are cheap and available, and the prepared yolk/shell-type Co.sub.xCu.sub.1-xCo.sub.2O.sub.4@Co.sub.yCu.sub.1-yCo.sub.2O.sub.4 catalyst is high in purity, good in catalysis performance and capable of showing excellent catalytic activity in term of ammonia borane catalytic hydrolysis for hydrogen generation.

The present disclosure provides compositions including method of producing H.sub.2, variable volume reactors, methods of using variable volume reactors, and the like.

Methods for steam reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed and a steam feed to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

Methods for dry reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed and carbon dioxide feed to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

Modified red mud catalyst compositions, methods for production, and methods for use, a composition including red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore; nickel oxide, the nickel oxide present at between about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition; and a Periodic Table Group VIB metal oxide, the Group VIB metal oxide present at between about 1 wt. % and about 30 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition.

Methods for steam reforming over a modified red mud catalyst composition, one method including providing a methane feed and a steam feed to react over the modified red mud catalyst composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore; nickel oxide, the nickel oxide present at between about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition; and a Periodic Table Group VIB metal oxide, the Group VIB metal oxide present at between about 1 wt. % and about 30 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition.

Methods for bi-reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed in the presence of carbon dioxide and steam to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.