A process for producing synthesis gas using at least a first and a second steam reforming reactor each having at least one reaction stage enabling the circulation of a reaction mixture and at least one heat supply stage enabling the circulation of a heat transfer fluid.

A reforming device 1 for producing a reformed gas from a methane-containing gas containing methane and carbon dioxide includes a reforming reaction tube 10 containing a catalyst layer 12 filled with a reforming catalyst 12a for reforming the methane-containing gas, and a multilayer pipe 103 for spraying a cooling fluid to an outer peripheral surface of the reforming reaction tube 10 at a position corresponding to a gas inlet of the catalyst layer 12 in a length direction of the catalyst layer 12.

Operation of a thermochemical regenerator to generate soot or to increase the amount of soot generated improves the performance of a furnace with which the thermochemical regenerator is operated.

Operation of a thermochemical regenerator at a controlled ratio of recycled flue gas to reforming fuel provides formation of fuel species that permit a higher flame temperature upon combustion of the resulting combustible mixture.

Process for the co-production of methanol and ammonia together with urea production from a hydrocarbon feed without venting to the atmosphere carbon dioxide captured from the methanol or ammonia synthesis gas and without using expensive air separation units and water gas shift. Carbon dioxide removal from flue gas from reforming section to convert partially or fully all ammonia into urea. Synergi of having methanol, ammonia and urea production to produce coating material for the urea production.

A combined reforming apparatus is provided. The combined reforming apparatus includes two or more catalyst tubes reacting at different temperatures, and allows different reforming reactions to be performed subsequently as the combustion gas supplies heat to two or more catalyst tubes one after another.

Process and apparatus for producing a H.sub.2-containing product and a CO-containing product with CO-containing product turndown capability. The H.sub.2-containing product is produced in a process train with a shift reactor and pressure swing adsorption unit. The CO-containing product is produced in a process train with a CO.sub.2 removal unit and a cryogenic separation unit. During the CO-containing product turndown mode, a portion or all of the CO-containing product is passed to the shift reactor in the H.sub.2-containing product train to form additional H.sub.2.

Process and apparatus for producing a H.sub.2-containing product and a CO-containing product with CO-containing product turndown capability. The H.sub.2-containing product is produced in a process train with a shift reactor and pressure swing adsorption unit. The CO-containing product is produced in a process train with a CO.sub.2 removal unit and a cryogenic separation unit. During the CO-containing product turndown mode, a portion or all of the CO-containing product is passed to the shift reactor in the H.sub.2-containing product train to form additional H.sub.2.

Operation of a thermochemical regenerator to generate soot or to increase the amount of soot generated improves the performance of a furnace with which the thermochemical regenerator is operated.

Process for the co-production of methanol and ammonia from a hydrocarbon feed without venting to the atmosphere carbon dioxide captured from the methanol or ammonia synthesis gas and without using expensive air separation units and water gas shift.