Disclosed herein are methods and systems for the production of hydrogen-containing compounds, such as ammonia and urea from a product stream of a fuel cell unit. The production of ammonia and optionally urea can also include a net power production. Alternatively, the hydrogen stream from the fuel cell unit can be directed to the production of synthetic hydrocarbons liquids.

A system for producing CO and CO.sub.2 to achieve an efficient oil recovery operation having de minimis undesirable gaseous emissions is provided. The system includes a portable CO producing device and a portable CO.sub.2 producing device located proximate to the reservoir and a gas collecting device configured to receive CO and CO.sub.2 and selectively distribute a desired ratio of CO and CO.sub.2 dynamically based on current reservoir conditions. Producing CO.sub.2 proximate to the reservoir comprises reforming carbon based fuel within oxygen. Electrical energy generated is used to selectively distribute the desired ratio of CO/CO.sub.2 to the reservoir with de minimis greenhouse gases produced transmitted into the atmosphere. The system is an energy efficient arrangement that recycles and reuses by-products and unused products from the process. Greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced compared to conventional processes by-products are fully utilized. Hydrogen produced can be used to generate electricity, as can heat generated from other sources within the process.

A molten carbonate fuel cell-powered system for capturing carbon dioxide produced by a steam methane reformer system. Tail gas from a pressure swing adsorption system is mixed with exhaust gas from the fuel cell anode, then pressurized and cooled to extract liquefied carbon dioxide. The residual low-CO.sub.2 gas is directed to an anode gas oxidizer, to the anode, to the reformer to be burned for fuel, and/or to the pressure swing adsorption system. Low-CO.sub.2 flue gas from the reformer can be vented to the atmosphere or directed to the anode gas oxidizer. Reduction in the amount of CO.sub.2 reaching the fuel cell allows the fuel cell to be sized according to the power demands of the system and eliminates the need to export additional power output.

The present invention includes a method for converting renewable energy source electricity and a hydrocarbon feedstock into a liquid fuel by providing a source of renewable electrical energy in communication with a synthesis gas generation unit and an air separation unit. Oxygen from the air separation unit and a hydrocarbon feedstock is provided to the synthesis gas generation unit, thereby causing partial oxidation reactions in the synthesis gas generation unit in a process that converts the hydrocarbon feedstock into synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is then converted into a liquid fuel.

Method and device for biogas upgrading and hydrogen production from anaerobic fermentation of biological material under production of energy rich gases selected among methane and hydrogen or a combination thereof. The method comprises addition of hydrogen gas to a fermentation step to enhance the methane: CO.sub.2 ratio in the raw biogas produced. At least part of the raw biogas is subjected to a step of sorption enhanced reforming without prior separation of CO.sub.2, using CaO as an absorbent to capture CO.sub.2 from the raw biogas as well as CO.sub.2 released in the reforming reaction. CaO is regenerated in an endothermic reaction using heat at least partially provided, directly or indirectly, by the bio-gas to be upgraded, thereby producing substantially pure hydrogen and substantially pure CO.sub.2.

The high efficiency supercritical carbon dioxide power generation system and the method therefor according to the present invention comprises: a hydrogen separation unit for receiving a gaseous fuel and separating the same into carbon monoxide and hydrogen; a combustion processing unit for receiving carbon monoxide and non-condensing gas discharged from the hydrogen separation unit to generate combustion gas; a carbon dioxide high purity unit for separating carbon dioxide from the combustion gas discharged from the combustion processing unit; a compression unit for pressurizing the carbon dioxide discharged from the carbon dioxide high purity unit; and a turbine unit for receiving the pressurized carbon dioxide from the compression unit to generate electricity, wherein the carbon dioxide discharged from the turbine unit may be supplied to the combustion processing unit again.

Novel redox based systems for fuel and chemical production with in-situ CO.sub.2 capture are provided. A redox system using one or more chemical intermediates is utilized in conjunction with liquid fuel generation via indirect Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, direct hydrogenation, or pyrolysis. The redox system is used to generate a hydrogen rich stream and/or CO.sub.2 and/or heat for liquid fuel and chemical production. A portion of the byproduct fuels and/or steam from liquid fuel and chemical synthesis is used as part of the feedstock for the redox system.

A method for providing energy to commercial or industrial operations, such as greenhouses and algae farms, is provided. The method includes the step of recovering waste heat from a hydrogen production process, wherein the hydrogen product has a carbon intensity preferably less than about 1.0 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2, more preferably less than about 0.45 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2, and most preferably less than about 0.0 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2. The hydrogen is preferably produced by converting a hydrocarbon feedstock to hydrogen through a reforming process, wherein at least some, and preferably substantially all, of the required energy for the hydrogen production process is provided from a biomass power plant. The method also includes the steps of processing one or more gas streams containing carbon dioxide from the biomass power plant and the hydrogen production process in one or more carbon capture unit to reduce CO.sub.2e emissions, and converting at least some of the waste heat to thermal energy for use in the commercial or industrial operations. The method further comprises the step of providing at least some, and preferably substantially all of the required energy for the commercial or industrial operations from the biomass power plant.

Systems and methods for sequestering carbon, evolving hydrogen gas, producing iron oxide as magnetite, and producing magnesium carbonate as magnesite through sequential carbonation and serpentinization/hydration reactions involving processed olivine- and/or pyroxene-rich ores, as typically found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rock. Precious or scarce metals, such nickel, cobalt, chromium, rare earth elements, and others, may be concentrated in the remaining ore to facilitate their recovery from any gangue material.

A hydrocarbon feed stream is exposed to heat in an absence of oxygen (pyrolysis) to convert the hydrocarbon feed stream into a solids stream and a gas stream. The solids stream includes carbon. The gas stream includes hydrogen. The gas stream is separated into an exhaust gas stream and a first hydrogen stream. The first hydrogen stream includes at least a portion of the hydrogen from the gas stream. The carbon is separated from the solids stream to produce a carbon stream. Electrolysis is performed on a water stream to produce an oxygen stream and a second hydrogen stream. At least a portion of the oxygen of the oxygen stream and at least a portion of the carbon of the carbon stream are combined to generate power and a carbon dioxide stream. At least a portion of the generated power is used to perform the electrolysis on the water stream.