The present disclosure provides a process of clean production of electronic grade high-purity copper oxide. The process includes (1) preparing a carbon-ammonia system solution with a certain ratio of CO.sub.2, NH.sub.3 and H.sub.2O; (2) dissolving copper under a slightly negative pressure and at a system temperature less than or equal to 60 C.; the reaction ends until the concentration of copper in the carbon-ammonia system solution reaches 80 to 140 g/L; (3) adding sodium polyacrylate; the reaction solution is heated to 60-80 C. under a reduced pressure for deamination; (4) disposing basic copper carbonate to separate the solid from the liquid by a centrifuge to give an filter cake and copper-containing clear solution; (5) calcining the filter cake at 250-600 C. for 1-5 hours to give an electronic grade high purity copper oxide; ammonia collected in step (3), the copper-containing clear solution collected in step (4), and carbon dioxide and water vapor collected in step (5) are transferred to the solution-preparing device of step (1) and directly used as raw materials for preparing carbonate-ammonia system solution, wherein the copper-containing clear solution is used as water. The process of production of the disclosure has a shortened processing line and a low energy consumption; it is not only cost saving but also can achieve goals of energy saving, reduced emission and environment pollution.

A method can include: processing precursors, electrochemically oxidizing sulfur dioxide, processing sulfuric acid and hydrogen, and/or any suitable steps.

A method can include: processing precursors, electrochemically oxidizing sulfur dioxide, processing sulfuric acid and hydrogen, and/or any suitable steps.

An integrated process for production of urea and urea-ammonium sulphate (UAS) comprises: a urea synthesis step carried out in a urea synthesis reactor; a recovery and concentration step, wherein a urea solution produced in the urea synthesis step is progressively concentrated in at least one recovery section and in a concentration section, recovering unreacted ammonia and carbon dioxide and water from said urea solution; a step of producing ammonium sulphate by reaction of sulphuric acid and ammonia in an ammonium sulphate production apparatus; a step of mixing said ammonium sulphate with concentrated urea coming from the concentration section to produce a UAS mixture; in the ammonium sulphate production step, at least a part of the ammonia is provided by at least one off-gas containing ammonia and recovered from the recovery and concentration step.

An integrated process for production of urea and urea-ammonium sulphate (UAS) comprises: a urea synthesis step carried out in a urea synthesis reactor; a recovery and concentration step, wherein a urea solution produced in the urea synthesis step is progressively concentrated in at least one recovery section and in a concentration section, recovering unreacted ammonia and carbon dioxide and water from said urea solution; a step of producing ammonium sulphate by reaction of sulphuric acid and ammonia in an ammonium sulphate production apparatus; a step of mixing said ammonium sulphate with concentrated urea coming from the concentration section to produce a UAS mixture; in the ammonium sulphate production step, at least a part of the ammonia is provided by at least one off-gas containing ammonia and recovered from the recovery and concentration step.

A method for the production of a urea ammonium sulphate (UAS) composition in a pipe reactor comprising at least a reactor section, the method comprising: combining in the reactor continuous feeds of at least one of sulphuric acid and ammonium bisulphate, at least one of ammonia and ammonium carbamate, and urea; and including a viscosity-reducing agent selected from water soluble aluminum salts in at least one of the continuous feeds, thereby forming the urea ammonium sulphate (UAS composition, wherein the UAS composition comprises 1 to 40 weight % of ammonium sulphate (AS) relative to the total weight of the UAS composition.

A method for the production of a urea ammonium sulphate (UAS) composition in a pipe reactor comprising at least a reactor section, the method comprising: combining in the reactor continuous feeds of at least one of sulphuric acid and ammonium bisulphate, at least one of ammonia and ammonium carbamate, and urea; and including a viscosity-reducing agent selected from water soluble aluminum salts in at least one of the continuous feeds, thereby forming the urea ammonium sulphate (UAS composition, wherein the UAS composition comprises 1 to 40 weight % of ammonium sulphate (AS) relative to the total weight of the UAS composition.

The present disclosure relates to a method for recovering ammonia, the method comprising (a) preparing a gas containing ammonia,(b) supplying the gas containing ammonia to a mixed solution of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and a antisolvent of ammonium sulfate, to obtain ammonium sulfate crystals, and (c) separating the ammonium sulfate crystals from the mixed solution, wherein a volume ratio of the antisolvent of ammonium sulfate to the aqueous solution of sulfuric acid is greater than 1.

The present disclosure relates to a method for recovering ammonia, the method comprising (a) preparing a gas containing ammonia,(b) supplying the gas containing ammonia to a mixed solution of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and a antisolvent of ammonium sulfate, to obtain ammonium sulfate crystals, and (c) separating the ammonium sulfate crystals from the mixed solution, wherein a volume ratio of the antisolvent of ammonium sulfate to the aqueous solution of sulfuric acid is greater than 1.

A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4).sub.a.(H.sub.2SO.sub.4).sub.b.(H.sub.2O).sub.c.(NH.sub.4HSO.sub.4).sub.x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 1 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 10.