Provided is a lepidocrocite-type titanate capable of suppressing the interference with the curing of a thermosetting resin and a resin composition having excellent wear resistance. A lepidocrocite-type titanate has a layered structure formed by chains of TiO.sub.6 octahedra, wherein part of Ti sites is substituted with ions of two or more metals selected from the group consisting of Li, Mg, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ga, and Mn and runs of at least one metal selected from alkali metals other than Li are contained between layers of the layered structure.

According to one embodiment, an active material including a composite oxide is provided. The composite oxide has a monoclinic crystal structure and is represented by the general formula Li.sub.wM1.sub.2xTi.sub.8yM2.sub.zO.sub.17+, wherein: M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cs, K, and Na; M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Sn, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Fe, Co, Mn, and Al;

0w10; 0<x<2; 0<y<8; 0<z<8;
and 0.50.5.

The present document relates to methods of forming an oxide material using van der Waals materials. Compositions and structures including such an oxide material are also described herein.

A core-shell structure particle may include: a core particle including BaTiO.sub.3 having a particle size of 100 nm or less; and a shell phase including at least one of CaTiO.sub.3 and SrTiO.sub.3 and surrounding the core particle at a thickness of 1 unit or more and 10 units or less of a perovskite structure.

A powder which is composed of particles that are mainly composed of calcium titanate having a perovskite crystal structure, and primary particles of which have a generally spherical shape and an average particle diameter within the range of from 20 nm to 100 nm (inclusive). This powder is produced by a method which comprises: the production of calcium titanate by subjecting a mixed liquid that contains a sugar, an alkali, a water-soluble compound containing calcium, and a compound which is obtained by deflocculating a hydrolysis product of a titanium compound with use of a monobasic acid to a high-pressure liquid-phase reaction that includes heating to a temperature of from 100? ? C. to 270? C. (inclusive),; and a subsequent calcium removal treatment.

A toner for developing electrostatic images, including toner particles containing an external additive on surfaces of toner matrix particles. The external additive contains at least a lanthanum-containing titanate compound.

A piezoelectric composition comprises a plurality of crystal particles, wherein the piezoelectric composition includes bismuth, iron, barium, titanium, and oxygen; the crystal particle include a core and a shell having a contents of bismuth higher than that in the core and covering the core; and the total area of the cross sections of the cores exposed to the cross section of the piezoelectric composition is expressed as S.sub.CORE, the total area of the cross sections of the shells exposed to the cross section of the piezoelectric composition is expressed as S.sub.SHELL, and 100.Math.S.sub.CORE/(S.sub.CORE+S.sub.SHELL) is 50 to 90.

Disclosed herein are methods for making glass, comprising forming a slurry comprising at least one fining agent; adjusting the pH of the slurry to a value ranging from about 3 to about 12; combining the slurry with glass batch materials to form a batch composition; and melting the batch composition. Methods for reducing agglomerates in a glass melt are also disclosed herein. Further disclosed herein are systems for making glass, the systems comprising a pre-mixing vessel for preparing a slurry comprising at least one fining agent; an ultrasonic vessel for applying ultrasonic energy to the slurry; a mixing vessel for combining the slurry with glass batch materials to form a batch composition; and a melting vessel for melting the batch composition.

The piezoelectric composition is represented by the following Chemical Formula (1):

x[Bi.sub.mFeO.sub.3]-y[Ba.sub.mTiO.sub.3]-z[Sr.sub.mTiO.sub.3](1)

wherein 0.5x0.8, 0.02y0.4, 0.02z0.2, x+y+z=1, and 0.96m1.04.

A toner is provided, which contains a toner particle and a metal titanate particle, wherein, in a number-based particle size distribution of the metal titanate particle on the surface of the toner particle, when D10, D50 and D90 denote the particle diameter at which the cumulative value from the small particle diameter side reaches 10% by number, 50% by number and 90% by number, respectively, the D50 is at least 10 nm and not more than 90 nm, and the particle size distribution index A, which is represented by D90/D10, is at least 2.00 and not more than 10.00, and the value of storage elastic modulus G at 40 C. in viscoelasticity measurements of the toner is at least 1.010.sup.7 Pa and not more than 1.010.sup.10 Pa.