A mixed conductor represented by Formula 1:

A.sub.1XM.sub.2yO.sub.4Formula 1

wherein, in Formula 1, A is a monovalent cation, and M is at least one of a monovalent cation, a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, a pentavalent cation, or a hexavalent cation, 0x1, 0y2, and 01, with the proviso that when M includes vanadium, 0<1, and wherein the mixed conductor has an inverse spinel crystal structure.

The present invention relates to method/process of synthesis for ferrate synthesis. More specifically, it includes method for producing a liquid ferrate solution of oxidation of plus 6 stage, and discusses the apparatus and the raw materials and an improved greener process for synthesizing stable, high purity ferrate (VI) used for treating wastewater. The synthesis method involves three stages, namely, oxidation of hematite ore, followed by ferrate with chlorine under alkaline conditions and addition of stabilizing agent to improve shelf life of liquid ferrate solution for minimum 6 weeks. The process results in the efficient and effective productions of ferrate with high yields and small amounts of waste production. The synthesized chemical ferrate (VI) through the present invention has resulted in the effective reduction of BOD, COD and TSS.

The present invention relates to Li-ion cells area, particularly relates to lithium source material and preparation method thereof and use in Li-ion cells. Wherein the lithium source material which is represented by a formula Li.sub.yFe.sub.1-xM.sub.xO.sub.4R.sub.z, wherein M represents one or more of transition metal elements, R represents halogen element, 0x0.9, 0<z0.2, 3.5<y[5(1x)+6x]. The lithium source material of the present invention which is lithium deficient relative to its stoichiometric lithium formulation, is a lithium source additive material to the cathode material for Li-ion cells, and exhibits high capacity and high stability.

A battery comprising an acidified metal oxide (AMO) material, preferably in monodisperse nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>12, at least on its surface.

A battery cell having an anode or cathode comprising an acidified metal oxide (AMO) material, preferably in monodisperse nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>12, at least on its surface.

A positive electrode active material for a sodium-ion secondary battery contains a compound of formula Na.sub.xMn.sub.1-y-zM.sub.yM.sub.zO.sub.2 or its hydrate. A cathode can contain the active material and rechargeable sodium-ion battery can contain such a cathode.

In general, according to one embodiment, there is provided an active material. The active material contains a composite oxide having an orthorhombic crystal structure. The composite oxide is represented by a general formula of Li.sub.2+wNa.sub.2xM1.sub.yTi.sub.6zM2.sub.zO.sub.14+. In the general formula, the M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cs and K; the M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Sn, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Fe, Co, Mn, and Al; and w is within a range of 0w4, x is within a range of 0<x<2, y is within a range of 0y<2, z is within a range of 0<z6, and is within a range of 0.50.5.

An LiFePO.sub.4 precursor for manufacturing an electrode material of an Li-ion battery and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The LiFePO.sub.4 precursor of the present disclosure can be represented by the following formula (I):

LiFe.sub.(1-a)M.sub.aPO.sub.4(I)

wherein M and a are defined in the specification, the LiFePO.sub.4 precursor does not have an olivine structure, and the LiFePO.sub.4 precursor is powders constituted by plural flakes.

A battery comprising an acidified metal oxide (AMO) material, preferably in monodisperse nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>?12, at least on its surface.

A composite metal oxide material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate, a secondary battery, a battery module, a battery pack and an electrical device are provided. The composite metal oxide material includes a central core and a coating layer on the surface of the central core, in which the central core material has a chemical formula of Li.sub.5Fe.sub.xM.sub.1-xO.sub.4, 0.6?x?1; the coating layer material has a chemical formula of LiMO.sub.2, M is one or more metal elements with +3 valence, and the absolute value of the difference between the +3-valence ion radius of Fe and the +3-valence ion radius of M is ?0.02 nm. The composite metal oxide material of the present disclosure makes the secondary battery have high charge capacity, high discharge capacity and long cycle life.