The modified graphene includes a structure represented by the following formula (I), wherein the modified graphene has a ratio (g/d) of an intensity “g” of a G band to an intensity “d” of a D band of 1.0 or more in a Raman spectroscopy spectrum thereof.

Gr1-Ar1-X1-(Y1).sub.n1  (I)

in the formula (I), Gr1 represents a single-layer graphene or a multilayer graphene, Ar1 represents an arylene group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, X1 represents a single bond, a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a group obtained by substituting at least one carbon atom in a linear, branched, or cyclic alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms with at least one structure selected from the group consisting of —O—, —NH—,

##STR00001##

—CO—, —COO—, —CONH—, and an arylene group.

Described herein are methods for continuous production of an exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) material comprising passing a 2D material mixture through a convergent-divergent nozzle, the 2D material mixture comprising a 2D layered material and a compressible fluid. The method of the present disclosure employs physical compression and expansion of a flow of high-pressure gases, leaving the 2D layered material largely defect free to produce an exfoliated 2D layered in a simple, continuous, and environmentally friendly manner.

Disclosed herein are aluminum oxide aerogels and methods of making and use thereof. The methods of making the aluminum oxide aerogel include contacting a solid comprising aluminum with a Ga-based liquid alloy to dissolve at least a portion of the aluminum from the solid, thereby forming an aluminum-alloy mixture; and contacting the aluminum-alloy mixture with a fluid comprising water, thereby forming the aluminum oxide aerogel. In some examples, the methods can further comprise capturing and converting carbon dioxide to a syngas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

The process of reacting nanoscale ce-MoS.sub.2 nanosheets anchored on oxide support with lead in solution at room temperature whereby the reaction is rapid and spontaneous resulting in the formation of PbMoO.sub.4-xS.sub.x in the process of scavenging Pb.sup.2+ and Pb.sup.4+ present in the solution.

Provided is a conductive carbon mixture which is to be used together with an electrode active material in manufacturing an electrode of an electricity storage device and enables the manufacture of the electricity storage device having a good cycle life. The conductive carbon mixture for manufacturing an electrode of an electricity storage device comprises an oxidized carbon having electrical conductivity and a different conductive carbon which is different from the oxidized carbon, wherein the oxidized carbon covers the surface of the different conductive carbon. The conductive carbon mixture is characterized in that the ratio of the peak intensity of the 2D band to the peak intensity of the D band in a Raman spectrum of the conductive carbon mixture is 55% or less relative to the ratio of the peak intensity of the 2D band to the peak intensity of the D band in a Raman spectrum of the different conductive carbon. This conductive carbon mixture covers the surface of the electrode active material in a particularly good manner and thus prolongs the cycle life of the electricity storage device.

A method of producing advanced carbon materials can include providing coal to a processing facility, beneficiating the coal to remove impurities from the coal, processing the beneficiated coal to produce a pitch, and treating the pitch to produce an advanced carbon material such as carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, resins, polymers, biomaterials, or other carbon materials.

The present disclosure belongs to the technical filed of new carbon materials and relates to a novel sp.sup.2-sp.sup.3 hybrid crystalline carbon named Gradia and its preparation process. A novel sp.sup.2-sp.sup.3 hybrid carbon named Gradia is synthesized using sp.sup.2 hybrid carbon as raw materials under high temperature and high pressure. The basic structural units of Gradia are composed of sp.sup.2 hybrid graphite-like structural units and sp.sup.3 hybrid diamond-like structural units. Gradia disclosed in the present disclosure is a class of new sp.sup.2-sp.sup.3 hybrid carbon allotrope, whose crystal structure can vary with the widths and/or crystallographic orientation relationships of internal sp.sup.2 and/or sp.sup.3 structural units.

Modified crystalline zeolite materials have a zeolite framework with both tetra-coordinate Lewis aluminum single sites and Brønsted aluminum sites. The tetra-coordinate Lewis aluminum single sites include aluminum atoms covalently bonded to a variable group and to two oxygen atoms and further coordinated to a third oxygen atom. The variable group may be alkyl, hydride, or hydroxyl. Methods for incorporating tetra-coordinate Lewis aluminum single sites into a crystalline zeolite material include contacting the crystalline zeolite material with a dialkylaluminum hydride R.sub.2AlH, where each R is alkyl, to react the dialkylaluminum hydride with the zeolite framework and form tetra-coordinate alkyl aluminum single sites. Heating the alkyl-aluminum zeolite induces β-hydride elimination of the alkyl groups, whereby tetra-coordinate aluminum hydride single sites are formed. By oxidizing the hydride-aluminum zeolite, at least a portion of the tetra-coordinate aluminum hydride single sites are converted to tetra-coordinate aluminum hydroxide single sites.

An electrochromic device comprising a substrate, a set of electrodes disposed on or within the substrate, and a layer comprising ε-WO3 disposed in electrical communication with the set of electrodes, wherein the layer of ε-WO3 exhibits polarization switching are described. Methods of making and using the electrochromic devices are also described. The electrochromic devices are used for detecting acetone in a fluid. The observed change in color of the ε-WO3 layer can be correlated with a subject's medical condition, such as diabetes.

A GaON/ZnO photoelectrode involving a nanoarchitectured photocatalytic material deposited onto a surface of a conducting substrate, and the nanoarchitectured photocatalytic material containing gallium oxynitride nanoparticles interspersed in zinc oxide nanoparticles, as well as methods of preparing the GaON/ZnO photoelectrode. A method of using the GaON/ZnO photoelectrode for solar water electrolysis is also provided.