Methods for making nanocomposites are provided. In an embodiment, such a method comprises combining a first type of nanostructure with a bulk material in water or an aqueous solution, the first type of nanostructure functionalized with a functional group capable of undergoing van der Waals interactions with the bulk material, whereby the first type of nanostructure induces exfoliation of the bulk material to provide a second, different type of nanostructure while inducing association between the first and second types of nanostructures to form the nanocomposite.

Disclosed herein are modified zeolites and methods for making modified zeolites. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a modified zeolite may include a microporous framework comprising a plurality of micropores having diameters of less than or equal to 2 nm. The microporous framework may include at least silicon atoms and oxygen atoms. The modified zeolite may further include organometallic moieties each bonded to bridging oxygen atoms. The organometallic moieties may include a titanium atom. The titanium atom may be bonded to a bridging oxygen atom, and the bridging oxygen atom may bridge the titanium atom of the organometallic moiety and a silicon atom of the microporous framework.

The present disclosure relates to a novel staged-synthesis method for introduction of various metals in the structure of zeolite frameworks by isomorphous substitution. This new method is based on a hydrothermal synthesis in which the metal addition to the precursor suspensions (gel) is delayed. This so-called “staged-synthesis method” allows to obtain nanosized silanol highly homo- geneous crystalline zeolite structures with a control of the metal location.

The present invention relates to a method of producing a porous composite comprising single-atom metal catalysts and nitrogen atoms by using a hierarchical carbon material from a carbon dioxide-containing gas. According to the present invention, a composite material is produced by producing a porous carbon material using nanosized templates and carbon dioxide, producing carbon nanotubes from the composite material through a self-templating process, and adding single-atom catalysts to the carbon nanofibers. In addition, it is possible to produce a composite having significantly improved porous characteristics and electrochemical properties by nitrogen atom doping using a nitrogen precursor. The produced composite may be easily applied to a high-energy storage device such as a lithium-sulfur battery.

Systems and methods are disclosed for a rock-salt structure formed from an electrochemically-driven amorphous-to-crystalline (a-to-c) transformation of nanostructured Nb.sub.2O.sub.5, the rock-salt structure including, upon cycling with lithium ions (Li+), an insertion of lithium ions (Li+) into Nb.sub.2O.sub.5 to form the rock-salt structure (RS—Nb.sub.2O.sub.5).

An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery and method of forming the same, the electrode material including composite particles, each composite particle including: a primary particle including an electrochemically active material; and an envelope disposed on the surface of the primary particle. The envelope includes turbostratic carbon having a Raman spectrum having: a D band having a peak intensity (I.sub.D) at wave number between 1330 cm.sup.−1 and 1360 cm.sup.−1; a G band having a peak intensity (I.sub.G) at wave number between 1530 cm.sup.−1 and 1580 cm.sup.−1; and a 2D band having a peak intensity (I.sub.2D) at wave number between 2650 cm.sup.−1 and 2750 cm.sup.−1. In one embodiment, a ratio of I.sub.D/I.sub.G ranges from greater than zero to about 1.1, and a ratio of I.sub.2D/I.sub.G ranges from about 0.4 to about 2.

The invention is directed towards dielectric materials, BaTiO.sub.3, BaZrO.sub.3, and/or BaTi.sub.1-.sub.xZr.sub.xO.sub.3, such that 0≤x≤1, for detecting, sensing, filtering, reacting, or absorbing toxic chemicals, such as chemical warfare agents (“CWAs”) and their structural analogs, toxic industrial chemicals and narcotics, wherein the dielectric material is incorporated into a sensor for detecting, sensing, filtering, reacting, or absorbing the toxic chemicals.

Provided are: novel zeolite having an extremely small amount of specific Bronsted acid sites on the surface thereof, which is expected to be useful as a catalyst for the aromatization of a non-aromatic hydrocarbon typified by an aliphatic hydrocarbon; and a catalyst for use in the production of an aromatic hydrocarbon, which comprises the zeolite. Zeolite characterized by satisfying the following requirements (i) to (iii). (i) The zeolite has an average particle diameter of 100 nm or less. (ii) The zeolite is 10-membered ring microporous zeolite. (iii) The amount of the Bronsted acid sites on the outer surface of the zeolite is 0.1 to 10.0 μmol/g.

A positive electrode active material in which a discharge capacity decrease due to charge and discharge cycles is suppressed and a secondary battery including the positive electrode active material are provided. A positive electrode active material in which a change in a crystal structure, e.g., a shift in CoO.sub.2 layers is small between a discharged state and a high-voltage charged state is provided. For example, a positive electrode active material that has a layered rock-salt crystal structure belonging to the space group R-3m in a discharged state and a crystal structure belonging to the space group P2/m in a charged state where x in Li.sub.xCoO.sub.2 is greater than 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.24 is provided. When the positive electrode active material is analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, a diffraction pattern has at least diffraction peaks at 2θ of 19.47±0.10° and 2θ of 45.62±0.05°.

Provided are graphene nanosheets having a polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration of less than about 0.7% by weight and a tap density of less than about 0.08 g/cm.sup.3, as measured by ASTM B527-15 standard. The graphene nanosheets also have a specific surface area (B.E.T) greater than about 250 m.sup.2/g. Also provided are processes for producing graphene nanosheets as well as for removing polyaromatic hydrocarbons from graphene nanosheets, comprising heating said graphene nanosheets under oxidative atmosphere, at a temperature of at least about 200° C.