Disclosed is a modified carbonaceous material, which includes hexagonal carbon networks in a layered stacking structure and acidic functional groups bonded to the hexagonal carbon networks and mainly existing at edges of the layered carbonaceous structure. Accordingly, the close proximity of acid moiety at the edges can resemble the center of hydrolysis enzymes, resulting in enhancement of hydrolytic efficiency. Additionally, the acid-functionalized carbonaceous material can also be applied in the capture and storage of carbon dioxide due to its unexpectedly higher capacity for CO.sub.2 molecular.

A process for preparing a zeolitic material containing YO.sub.2 and X.sub.2O.sub.3, where Y and X represent a tetravalent element and a trivalent element, respectively, is described. The process includes (1) a step of preparing a mixture containing one or more structure directing agents, seed crystals, and a first zeolitic material containing YO.sub.2 and X.sub.2O.sub.3 and having FAU-, GIS-, MOR-, and/or LTA-type framework structures; and (2) a step of heating the mixture for obtaining a second zeolitic material containing YO.sub.2 and X.sub.2O.sub.3 and having a different framework structure than the first zeolitic material. The mixture prepared in (1) and heated in (2) contains 1000 wt % or less of H.sub.2O based on 100 wt % of YO.sub.2 in the framework structure of the first zeolitic material. A zeolitic material obtainable and/or obtained by the process and its use are also described.

The invention relates to poly oxometalates represented by the formula (A.sub.n).sup.m+{M.sub.s[MM.sub.15X.sub.10O.sub.yR.sub.zH.sub.q]}.sup.m or solvates thereof, corresponding supported polyoxometalates, and processes for their preparation, as well as corresponding metal-clusters, optionally in the form of a dispersion in a liquid carrier medium or immobilized on a solid support, and processes for their preparation, as well as their use in reductive conversion of organic substrate.

A negative electrode active material which is a negative electrode active material containing particles of a negative electrode active material, wherein the particles of the negative electrode active material contain particles of a silicon compound which contain a silicon compound (SiO.sub.x: 0.5x1.6), the particles of the negative electrode active material contain lithium, and the particles of the negative electrode active material have a peak in the range of 2=31.80.5 measured by X-ray diffraction spectrum using K line of Cu. According to this constitution, it is provided a negative electrode active material capable of improving cycle characteristics and initial charge and discharge characteristics when it is used as a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery.

A solid conductor including: a compound represented by Formula 1, a compound represented by Formula 2, or a combination thereof

Li.sub.1+x+yzTa.sub.2-xM.sub.xP.sub.1-yQ.sub.yO.sub.8-zX.sub.z Formula 1

wherein, in Formula 1, M is an element having an oxidation number of +4, Q is an element having an oxidation number of +4, X is a halogen, a pseudohalogen, or a combination thereof, and 0x2, 0y<1, and 0z2, except that cases i) x and y and z are simultaneously 0, ii) M is Hf, X is F, x is 1 , y is 0, and z is 1, iii) M is Hf, X is Cl, x is 2, y is 0, and z is 2, and iv) M is Hf, X is F, x is 2, y is 0, and z is 2,

Li.sub.1+x+yzTa.sub.2-xM.sub.xP.sub.1-yQ.sub.yO.sub.8-zLiX Formula 2

wherein, in Formula 2, M is an element having an oxidation number of +4, Q is an element having an oxidation number of +4, X is a halogen, a pseudohalogen, or a combination thereof, and 0)(2, 0y<1, and 0z2, except that cases i) x and y and z are simultaneously 0, ii) M is Hf, X is F, x is 1 , y is 0, and z is 1, iii) M is Hf, X is Cl, x is 2, y is 0, and z is 2, and iv) M is Hf, X is F, x is 2, y is 0, and z is 2.

A process for preparing a zeolitic material having a framework structure type RTH and having a framework structure comprising a tetravalent element Y, a trivalent element X and oxygen, said process comprising (i) preparing a synthesis mixture comprising a zeolitic material having a framework structure type FAU and having a framework structure comprising the tetravalent element Y, the trivalent element X and oxygen, water, a source of a base, and an RTH framework structure type directing agent comprising a N-methyl-2, 6-dimethylpyridinium cation containing compound; (ii) subjecting the mixture obtained in (i) to hydrothermal crystallization conditions, obtaining the zeolitic material having a framework structure type RTH

An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material having excellent charge/discharge characteristics (charge and discharge capacities, initial coulombic efficiency, and cycle characteristics). The object is achieved by providing a negative electrode active material containing: a silicon-based inorganic compound (a) composed of silicon (excluding zerovalent silicon), oxygen, and carbon; and silicon (zerovalent) (b). The equivalent constituent ratio [Q units/(D units+T units+Q units)] indicating the chemical bonding state (D units [SiO.sub.2C.sub.2], T units [SiO.sub.3C], Q units[SiO.sub.4]) of the silicon (excluding zerovalent silicon) present in the silicon-based inorganic compound (a) is within the range of from 0.30 to 0.80 inclusive.

Disclosed are a sulfide-based solid electrolyte imparted with improved lithium ion conductivity and a method of preparing the same. More particularly, disclosed is a sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing a lithium element (Li), a phosphorus element (P), a sulfur element (S) and a halogen element (X), and including a crystal phase of an argyrodite crystal structure, wherein a molar ratio (X/P) of the halogen element (X) to the phosphorus element (P) is higher than 1.

A hydrophobic silica powder is disclosed that exhibits reduced desorption of a charge control agent, on the charge-controllable surface, and that is capable of imparting charge properties within a suitable range to toner resin particles to which the hydrophobic silica particles are externally added. A hydrophobic silica powder is characterized in that (1) the hydrophobic silica powder has a hydrophobicity of 50% or more; (2) an amount X is 0.1 mass % or more, the amount X being an amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a quaternary ammonium ion, a mono-azo complex, and a mineral acid ion extracted with a mixture solvent of methanol and a ethanesulfonic acid aqueous solution: and (3) the amount X and an amount Y satisfy the following formula (I):

Y/X<0.15(I),

the amount Y being an amount of the at least one compound extracted with water.

Porous particles comprising an active ingredient and a coating exhibiting greater dissolution rate in aqueous media than in alcoholic media are disclosed. A process for the manufacture of the particles is also disclosed, as well as tamper-proof particles and solid dosage forms comprising the coated particles. The differential solubility characteristics of the particle coating allow the particles to be incorporated into abuse-deterrent medicaments.