The present disclosure includes arrangements, systems, and methods for removing mineral deposits. Disclosed is an aqueous solution within a container, with the container containing mineral deposits. The aqueous solution submerges the mineral deposits and may include at least one acid, or a combination of an organic acid and an inorganic acid in percentages that allow the replacement of toxic dangerous chemical ingredients. Disclosed also is a cathode and an anode within the container that are at least partially submerged within the aqueous solution. A direct current power source is configured to direct a voltage across the cathode and the anode to generate an electrical charge gradient within the aqueous solution.

Disclosed is a water softening system for removing an ionic material contained in source water supplied from a water source and providing soft water to a source of demand, including a filter unit that removes the least a portion of the ionic material contained in the source water based on an electric force and discharge the soft water, a supply passage that supplies the source water to the filter unit, a discharge passage that discharges water from the filter unit, a circulation passage connecting the discharge passage and the supply passage, a filter management material provider that provides a filter management material used to manage a performance of the filter unit to water that flows along the circulation passage, and a pump that pumps, together with the filter management material, the water that flows along the circulation passage to the filter unit.

An ion removal kit according to the present invention comprises: a kit case; a filter unit, which is provided inside the kit case, receives raw water from a main flow path for supplying the raw water to a water-requiring place so as to remove, through electrodeionization, at least some of ionic substances included in the received raw water, thereby discharging soft water containing less ionic substances than raw water; a filter flow path which is provided inside the kit case; and a control part which is provided inside the kit case and which controls the filter unit.

This invention relates to a novel conductive organic membrane-coupled filtration system for the degradation of organic pollutants from wastewater. The system comprises a connected water pump and a reactor. The upper end of the reactor contained a water inlet, and the lower end consisted of a water outlet. A counter electrode and a membrane electrode are fixed on the reactor between the water inlet and water outlet. The counter electrode and membrane electrode constitute a two-electrode system connected to an external potentiostat through metal wires. The membrane electrode is made of carbon-based polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane that can be used to enhance the electrochemical separation of small molecules and the removal of organic pollutants.

A desalination method that may be used to reduce limescale buildup in desalination electrodes. The desalination method includes providing an electrode including a first material having at least one compound of a formula before a desalination step. The formula is A.sub.xFe.sub.yCu.sub.z(CN).sub.6, where A is Na, Li or K, 0.1≤x≤2, 1≤y, and z≤2. The desalination method further includes exchanging A in A.sub.xFe.sub.yCu.sub.z(CN).sub.6 with Ca to form a second material from the first material during the desalination step.

Provided are water treatment systems for reducing hardness in water. The water treatment systems include an electrodialysis device comprising a brine inlet stream, a feed stream, a brine outlet stream, and a product outlet stream, and a template assisted crystallization (TAC) filter comprising a brine inlet stream and a brine outlet stream. The brine inlet stream comprises the brine outlet stream of the electrodialysis device and the brine inlet stream of the electrodialysis device comprises the brine outlet stream of the TAC filter. The system pressure is reduced by 30-60% when the brine stream goes through a TAC filter than a system without the filter. An acid supply and an acid feed stream may also be included, wherein the brine inlet stream of the electrodialysis device comprises the brine outlet stream of the TAC filter and the acid feed stream.

The present disclosure includes arrangements, systems, and methods for removing mineral deposits. Disclosed is an aqueous solution within a container, with the container containing mineral deposits. The aqueous solution submerges the mineral deposits and may include at least one acid, or a combination of an organic acid and an inorganic acid in percentages that allow the replacement of toxic dangerous chemical ingredients. Disclosed also is a cathode and an anode within the container that are at least partially submerged within the aqueous solution. A direct current power source is configured to direct a voltage across the cathode and the anode to generate an electrical charge gradient within the aqueous solution.

Disclosed is an electrolytic cell having an anode and a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises a surface layer which is repellent towards inorganic material. Such repellent layer may be employed to prevent formation of scale on an electrolytic cell. Also disclosed is an apparatus for cleaning seawater that employs such electrolytic cell, . and a system for injecting cleaned seawater into a hydrocarbon reservoir, wherein the system comprises tubing, an injection pump, and the seawater cleaning apparatus employing the disclosed electrolytic cell.

An efficient electrochemical pre-scaling water treatment device is disclosed. The device comprises an enclosed box, wherein anode positioning connecting shafts, anode plates, cathode plates and scrapers are distributed in a length direction of the closed box, the scrapers are fixed to a scraper holder, the anode plates are fixed to the anode positioning connecting shafts, and the cathode plates are fixed to a central shaft; the anode positioning connecting shafts, the scraper holder and the central shaft are fixed on the enclosed box; in the width direction of the enclosed box, a water inlet is provided at a first side of the enclosed box, a water outlet and a sewage outlet are provided at a second side of the enclosed box, and exhaust holes are provided at a top of the enclosed box.

A high-output tap water softening electrolyzer device, housed in a non-metal casing and configured for low internal pressure buildup and a method of using the same are provided herein, wherein the casing and the lid of the device are made essentially from a polymeric material rather than a metal.