Disclosed are methods, apparatuses and systems for the remediation of contaminated soils, groundwater, water, and/or waste using a combination of reagents. The disclosed methods may be used to treat various recalcitrant halogenated substances, such as perfluoroalkyls and polyfluoroalkyls. Particular combinations of reagents that may be used in the disclosed methods include but are not limited to: (1) persulfate, oxygen and ozone; (2) persulfate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (3) persulfate, phosphate, and/or oxygen; (4) persulfate, phosphate, oxygen and ozone; (5) persulfate, phosphate, salt and oxygen (6) persulfate, phosphate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (7) oxygen and salt; and (8) air and salt. The disclosed methods may enhance destruction of organic contaminants in the liquid phase and may also control the rate of aerosol or foam formation relative to the rate of chemical oxidation and/or reduction/transfer.

A method of preparing an adsorbent can include pyrolyzing olive stone to provide an olive stone char, activating the olive stone char, dissolving a polymer in an organic solvent to obtain a solution, dispersing the activated olive stone char in the solution to provide a mixture, extracting the solvent from the mixture to provide a composite, and annealing the composite to provide the adsorbent. The adsorbent can be porous.

Method for treating water comprising: a step for putting said water into contact with an adsorbent powdery material in a concentration of 0.1 to 5 g/L in a membrane reactor containing at least one submerged filtration membrane; a step of filtration by submerged membrane of said water containing said adsorbent powdery material in said membrane reactor, said membrane being at least partly constituted by an organic material; characterized in that it includes steps aimed at limiting the abrasion of said at least one submerged membrane by said adsorbent powdery material, said steps consisting in: putting said water containing said adsorbent powdery material into contact, in said membrane reactor, with a particulate polymer material constituted by particles in a concentration of 1 g/L to 10 g/L, said particles having an average diameter of 1 mm to 5 mm and a density of 1.05 to 1.5; and stirring said mixture constituted by water, adsorbent powdery material and particulate polymer material within said membrane reactor containing said at least one filtration membrane.

An active flash-light treatment system is configured to degrade organic pollutants in a liquid stream. The system includes a reactor configured to receive the liquid stream, a light source configured to generate an emitted light having a first wavelength range, an upstream sensor configured to measure a characteristic of the liquid stream before entering the reactor, and a controller configured to analyze the characteristic of the liquid stream and to select a wavelength-conversion material for the reactor, based on the characteristic of the liquid stream. The wavelength-conversion material is configured to absorb the emitted light and generate a converted light having a second wavelength range, different from the first wavelength range, and the converted light irradiates the liquid stream to degrade the organic pollutants.

The present disclosure relates to a fluid treatment apparatus. The fluid treatment apparatus includes a first system for removing one or more target compounds from a fluid, said first system comprising adsorbent particles; a second system for regenerating said adsorbent particles; a first connector between said first system and said second system, said first connector configured to transfer adsorbent particles from said first system to said second system; and a second connector between said first system and said second system, said second connector configured to release of adsorbent particles from said second system, wherein said first system and said second system are decoupled. The present disclosure further relates to a system comprising one or more fluid treatment apparatus described herein. Also described herein are methods for treating fluid and a system comprising the methods for treating fluid described herein.

There is provided herein a system and method for de-toxifing and de-scaling source water. In some embodiments, source water will be mixed with either an aluminum source or an iron source to separate endotoxins from acidic proteins and convert the naturally present bicarbonate in source water to carbon dioxide. Endotoxins and carbon dioxide will then be removed from source water by a stage of hydrophobic membranes to produce de-toxified and de-carbonated source water. Magnesium hydroxide will be mixed with the de-toxified and de-carbonated source water to form precipitates comprising foulants and sulfate. A recoverable and reusable amine solvent will also be used to induce efficient precipitation. Possible reuse applications for the treated source water by the inventive methods that minimize excessive uses of potable water may include hydro-fracturing of shale and sand formations and heavy oil recovery by steam injection.

The present disclosure is directed to a method of removing pesticides from water. An electrolysis cell oxidizes pesticides and/or other organic components, optionally in conjunction with one or more filtration steps. Hydrogen peroxide may be added to the electrolysis process to aid oxidation.

Generating ferrate ex situ by activating persulfate with BOF steel slag fines and/or ferric iron. A persulfate solution flows therethrough or thereover the BOF steel slag within, for example, a filter, fluidized bed or continuously stirred tank reactor. The ex situ generation will produce a leachate that contains multiple reactive oxidant species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2), superoxide (O2.), sulfate radicals, hydroxyl radicals (OH.) and uniquely ferrate species including Fe IV, V and VI. These ROS will destroy organic compounds, sterilize, and can oxidize inorganics and a wide range of targeted contaminants in distressed water (e.g., drinking water, process water, wastewater, industrial process streams/waters, municipal process streams/waters, landfill leachate, sewage/septic systems, bilge waters, drilling fluids, mine effluents). The use of BOF steel slag avoids the need for additional pH buffers and ferrate stabilizers and is an industrial byproduct comprised of recycled materials instead of a specialized reagent.

A system and method for advanced oxidation (10) of treated sewage effluent provide additional treatment to treated sewage effluent (TSE) for reuse thereof. The method includes exposing TSE to ozone and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize contaminants; coagulating remaining waste in the TSE; flocculating the coagulated TSE; holding the flocculated treated sewage effluent in a settling tank for sedimentation; removing coarse suspended particles from the flocculated TSE by filtration after sedimentation; and removing fine suspended particles by ultrafiltration of the TSE after removing the coarse suspended particles. The system includes a chemical mixing tank (16); a homogenizing tank (22); an advanced oxidation process system (24); a rapid mixer; a flocculation tank (28); a sedimentation tank (32); a sand filter (34); and at least one ultrafiltration system (38), (36).

Disclosed are methods, apparatuses and systems for the remediation of contaminated soils, groundwater, water, and/or waste using a combination of reagents. The disclosed methods may be used to treat various recalcitrant halogenated substances, such as perfluoroalkyls and polyfluoroalkyls. Particular combinations of reagents that may be used in the disclosed methods include but are not limited to: (1) persulfate, oxygen and ozone; (2) persulfate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (3) persulfate, phosphate, and/or oxygen; (4) persulfate, phosphate, oxygen and ozone; (5) persulfate, phosphate, salt and oxygen (6) persulfate, phosphate, salt, oxygen and ozone; (7) oxygen and salt; and (8) air and salt. The disclosed methods may enhance destruction of organic contaminants in the liquid phase and may also control the rate of aerosol or foam formation relative to the rate of chemical oxidation and/or reduction/transfer.