Systems and methods for providing a deionization chamber having a plurality of electrodes corresponding to a plurality of register levels thereby forming a gradient of electrical amplitudes and frequencies within the deionization chamber.

A purifying method for photochemical elimination of xenobiotics present in water. The purifying device is used which has a photochemical reactor unit having at least one inlet for contaminated water and one outlet for purified water, it provides a flow path for continuously flowing water from said inlet to said outlet, and is equipped with a radiation source module providing ultraviolet radiation in a wavelength range ranging from 100 to 280 nm. The method includes performing ultrafiltration, thereby removing suspended and solvated macromolecular matter from the water; conducting the permeate via the at least one inlet into the photochemical reactor unit; subjecting the water flowing from said inlet to said outlet to ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths ranging from 100 to 280 nm, thereby generating hydroxyl radicals initiating degradation of said xenobiotics; and supplying air or dioxygen into the water, thereby enhancing the initiated oxidative degradation of said xenobiotics.

Various aspects described herein relate to electrochemical devices, e.g., for separation of one or more target organic or inorganic molecules (e.g., charged or neutral molecules) from solution, and methods of using the same. In particular embodiments, the electrochemical devices and methods described herein involve at least one redox-functionalized electrode, wherein the electrode comprises an immobilized redox-species that is selective toward a target molecule (e.g., charged molecule such as ion or neutral molecule). The selectivity is based on a Faradaic/redox-activated chemical interaction (e.g., directional hydrogen binding) between the oxidized state of the redox species and a moiety of the target molecule (e.g., charged molecule such as ion or neutral molecule).

Highly sulfated, high basicity polyaluminum chlorosulfate compositions that can be made by mixing dry aluminum hydroxychloride with a solution of aluminum sulfate or by diluting a dry mixture of aluminum hydroxychloride and aluminum sulfate with water.

Disclosed herein are a reactor for removing a contaminant from a fluid, the reactor comprising a cathode comprising a sintered activated carbon filter, and an anode, and an apparatus for removing a contaminant from a fluid, the apparatus comprising at least one reactor as aforementioned, the inlet of the at least one reactor being in fluid communication with a fluid source containing one or more contaminants, a power supply connected to the cathode and anode, and a receptacle in fluid communication with the outlet of the one or more reactors. Also disclosed herein are a method of removing a contaminant from a fluid and use of a sintered activated carbon filter as defined herein for the removal of contaminant in a fluid in an electrochemical advanced oxidation process.

A pressurized forward osmotic separation process is disclosed. Generally there are two processes described. One process involves the concentration of a target solute in the first solution; the other process involves the extraction of a solvent from a first solution both by a second solution comprising of water and soluble gas or water, soluble gas, and a compound by creating an osmotic concentration gradient across the semi permeable membrane. The first solution is under pressure from an inert gas and the second solution is under pressure from a soluble gas with equal system pressures greater than 1 atmosphere. The increase or decrease of partial pressure of the soluble gas in the second solution increases or decreases the chemical potential of the second solution to achieve different solution properties. The soluble gas may be carbon dioxide and the compound may be magnesium hydroxide.

A method is disclosed for treating an aqueous solution containing dissolved materials that are crystallisable by crystallization of clathrates hydrates of a host molecule which crystallize at atmospheric pressure at temperatures higher than the temperature of ice crystallization. This method allows purified water and solid materials or solutions which are highly concentrated in dissolved materials to be produced simultaneously. The disclosure also relates to the implementation of this method.

A method of water decontamination includes contacting a MoO.sub.3@Al.sub.2O.sub.3MgO nanocomposite material with an aqueous solution to form a reaction mixture. The aqueous solution includes one or more contaminants. The method further includes mixing the reaction mixture and collecting a filtrate. The filtrate has fewer of the one or more contaminants than the aqueous solution. The MoO.sub.3 content of the MoO.sub.3@Al.sub.2O.sub.3MgO nanocomposite material ranges from 1 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the total weight of the MoO.sub.3@Al.sub.2O.sub.3MgO nanocomposite material. The MoO.sub.3@Al.sub.2O.sub.3MgO nanocomposite material has a surface area of greater than or equal to 50 m.sup.2/g.

In an embodiment, a circuit includes: a transformer defining an inductive footprint within a first layer; a grounded shield bounded by the inductive footprint within a second layer separate from the first layer; and a circuit component bounded by the inductive footprint within a third layer separate from the second layer, wherein: the circuit component is coupled with the transformer through the second layer, and the third layer is separated from the first layer by the second layer.

A bias-free driven ion-based photoelectrochemical wastewater treatment system and method is disclosed. Through an ion-coupled photogenerated electron-assisted photocatalytic oxidation-reduction pathway, the system achieves efficient treatment of high-salinity wastewater. The system employs electron-ion receptor materials as the counter electrode, providing reaction sites to drive the coupling of photogenerated electrons and cation transfer. Additionally, the voltage generated by the system directly drives hole oxidation to produce strong oxidizing free radicals. Furthermore, this ion-based photoelectrochemical system demonstrates excellent degradation performance in high-concentration chloride media. This indicates that, in addition to cations (such as Na+) helping to accelerate the electron transfer rate, the presence of Cl further enables efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment. The concept proposed in this invention emphasizes the potential for using abundant sodium chloride in seawater as an inexpensive additive for wastewater treatment.