There is set out highly efficient processes for the production of alkaline spring waters. The processes are designed to minimize the use of the additive alkaline formulations used to create the alkalinity in the spring waters and the use of a maximum amount of non-purified spring water in the formulation of the final alkaline spring water product. This is accomplished by dividing the input spring water into at least two portions. One portion undergoes a purification process and the other is not purified. Each portion is tested in increments for the amount of alkaline formulation needed to attain a pH of at least about 10 and designated potassium ion and sodium ion contents. From the testing the amount of the purified spring water and the amount of non-purified spring water needed to be combined to yield a pH of at least about 10 and the designated potassium ion and the sodium ion contents is calculated. It is desired to use a minimum of alkaline formulation to achieve the set Ph and potassium and sodium ion concentration. In this way the more costly components of the alkaline formulation and the purified spring water can be minimized, but yet the taste and stability maintained over a period of time. The processes apply to waters from a single spring and from a plurality of springs.

An apparatus and method for abating scale formation during the purification and demineralization of water in an electrochemical deionization apparatus. In the apparatus and method, scale forming ions in a raw water feed are precipitated at a controlled location remote from the deionization chambers of the deionization apparatus. Concentrate water produced during the deionization process to produce demineralized product water is acidified and circulated through the deionization apparatus to prevent scale formation and build-up in the deionization apparatus.

A scale suppression apparatus capable of suppressing in a low-priced manner the generation of silica-based scale and calcium-based scale in the influent water containing at least a silica component and a calcium component, a geothermal power generation system using the same, and a scale suppression method are provided. The scale suppression apparatus includes a chelating agent and alkaline agent addition unit injecting liquid containing a chelating agent and an alkaline agent into a pipe arrangement through which influent water such as geothermal water or the like flows, and a controller controlling a pump and a valve of the chelating agent and alkaline agent addition unit. The controller controls the injection of the chelating agent and the alkaline agent and stops of the injection based on the signal output from a scale detection unit for detecting a precipitation state of the scale.

The disclosure relates to methods for operating a pasteurizing device for pasteurizing foods filled into sealed containers. The foods are treated in treatment zones by applying a tempered, aqueous treatment liquid to an exterior of the containers. The treatment liquid is re-supplied to at least one treatment zone for reuse via circulation circuit pipes of a circulation circuit. A partial flow of the treatment liquid is continuously removed from the circulation circuit and filtered by means of a membrane filtration means. Furthermore, a biocide is apportioned to the treatment liquid as process chemical, such that a concentration of the biocide does not exceed 0.4 mmol/L. In addition, a pH-regulating agent comprising at least one inorganic or organic acid is apportioned to the treatment liquid as process chemical, such that a pH value of the treatment liquid is set to a range from 3.5 to 7.0.

An automated descaling system can be integrated into a tankless water heater or can be a separate system that is connected to a tankless water heater. The automatic descaling system comprises a cleaning media chamber and a valve with a motor. The descaling system can be set on an automatic cleaning schedule.

Membrane filtration systems can be used to purify liquid streams for downstream use. In practice, foulant can build-up on the surface of a membrane within a filtration system over time. The effectiveness of the filtration system will deteriorate if the fouling is not properly controlled. In some examples, a method of controlling membrane fouling in a pressurized membrane system involves supplying a feed stream that is predominately air mixed with water to the membrane. In other words, the feed stream a greater volume of air than water, even though it is the water being processed by the membrane. Supplying the pressurized membrane system with a feed stream that contains a greater volume of air than water can yield significantly better performance than supplying the membrane with a feed stream that contains a greater volume of water than air.

A method of application to provide a workable solution for tracking the hardness of water utilizing an ion selective electrode by tracking the relative hardness of water at the outflow or egress of an ion exchange column. A monovalent cation exchange membrane (ion selective electrode) distinguishes hard water and softened water in a water flow stream. A voltage is applied across the membrane, facilitating the movement of sodium though the membrane (such that anions and divalent ions are excluded), and the current is measured. The change in current (delta current) is used to determine the hard water concentration or level of hardness in an influent stream. A second application estimates or detects the exhaustion of an ion exchanger, and/or determines the regeneration time/cycle of the ion exchanger through the use of an ion selective membrane. Blending of the influent hard water and effluent soft water allows a user to control hardness levels of the effluent.

Systems and methods can support an autonomous pool skimming system. The pool skimming system may have a body with two or more hulls. Two or more paddlewheels may be coupled to the body. An independent motor may drive each paddlewheel. The motors may be independently controllable to support steering. The pool skimming system may have one or more processing units, two or more distance sensors, one or more solar cells, and a power supply operable to power the processing units and the motors from energy supplied by the solar cells. One or more processing modules may configure the processing units to plan and execute a traversal path across the surface of a body of water, such as a swimming pool, to collect debris into a removable basket. A portion of the traversal path may be established according to signals from distance sensors.

The present disclosure relates to a dishmachine that includes one or more features directed to water, energy or material savings. The disclosed dishmachines are still capable of meeting the soil demands of the articles to be cleaned.

A phosphorus-based calcification inhibitor (“inhibitor”) configured to prevent calcification of anaerobic granular sludge.