An additive for electrochemical energy storages is disclosed, wherein the additive contains at least one silicon- and alkaline earth metal-containing compound V1 which in contact with a fluorine-containing compound V2 in the energy storage forms at least one compound V3 selected from the group consisting of silicon- and fluorine-containing, lithium-free compounds V3a, alkaline earth metal- and fluorine-containing, lithium-free compounds V3b, silicon-, alkaline earth metal- and fluorine-containing, lithium-free compounds V3c and combinations thereof. Also disclosed is an electrochemical energy storage containing the additive.

A glass tube element having a hollow cylindrical section with a shell having an outer diameter is provided. A first ratio is a difference value to a mean value. The difference value is a difference of a minimal and maximal value of the outer diameter. The mean value is a mean of the minimal and maximal values. A sub-section having a start, an end, and a distance of 1 meter measured along a straight line from the start to the end and intersecting with a center axis of the sub-section at the start and the end. The sub-section having, for every point of the center axis, a shortest distance to the straight line. A second ratio of a specific distance to 1 meter, the specific distance being defined as a largest of all shortest distances. A product of the first and second ratio is smaller than 4×10.sup.−6.

The present invention relates to a vehicle-mounted display device disposed in an interior member of a vehicle. The vehicle-mounted display device of the invention includes: a display panel; a cover glass covering the display panel; a housing accommodating the display panel; and a holding portion holding a position of the housing, in which the cover glass is a tempered glass having a thickness being 0.5 to 2.5 mm, a thickness of a compressive stress layer being 10 μm or more, and a surface compressive stress of the compressive stress layer being 650 MPa or higher, and when the thickness (unit: mm) of the cover glass is represented by x and an energy absorption rate (unit: %) of the holding portion is represented by y, Expression (1) is satisfied, and impact resistance of the cover glass is excellent:
y≥−37.1×ln(x)+53.7  (1).

The present invention relates to a vehicle-mounted display device disposed in an interior member of a vehicle. The vehicle-mounted display device of the invention includes: a display panel; a cover glass covering the display panel; a housing accommodating the display panel; and a holding portion holding a position of the housing, in which the cover glass is a tempered glass having a thickness being 0.5 to 2.5 mm, a thickness of a compressive stress layer being 10 μm or more, and a surface compressive stress of the compressive stress layer being 650 MPa or higher, and when the thickness (unit: mm) of the cover glass is represented by x and an energy absorption rate (unit: %) of the holding portion is represented by y, Expression (1) is satisfied, and impact resistance of the cover glass is excellent:
y≥−37.1×ln(x)+53.7  (1).

A method of performing ion exchange of a thin, flexible glass substrate having an average thickness equal to or less than about 0.3 mm to chemically strengthen the glass substrate is disclosed. The chemically strengthened glass substrate comprises a first compressive stress layer having a first depth of layer, and a second compressive stress layer having a second depth of layer, the first and second stress layers being separated by a layer of tensile stress. A laminated article comprising the chemically strengthened glass substrate is also described.

A method of performing ion exchange of a thin, flexible glass substrate having an average thickness equal to or less than about 0.3 mm to chemically strengthen the glass substrate is disclosed. The chemically strengthened glass substrate comprises a first compressive stress layer having a first depth of layer, and a second compressive stress layer having a second depth of layer, the first and second stress layers being separated by a layer of tensile stress. A laminated article comprising the chemically strengthened glass substrate is also described.

An amorphous silica particles, gravel, other particles and products provide a safe replacement for crystalline silica sand, grave, or particles in consumer and industrial applications wherein dust may be produced during use or installation. The amorphous silica particles, gravel, other particles or products may comprise components that increase the density, hardness, and other properties from container glass. These components include, but are not limited to, iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and zirconium oxides.

An amorphous silica particles, gravel, other particles and products provide a safe replacement for crystalline silica sand, grave, or particles in consumer and industrial applications wherein dust may be produced during use or installation. The amorphous silica particles, gravel, other particles or products may comprise components that increase the density, hardness, and other properties from container glass. These components include, but are not limited to, iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and zirconium oxides.

A copper-doped glass formed by placing a target glass in a container, surrounding the target glass with a powder mixture comprised of SiO.sub.2 powder and Cu.sub.2S powder, wherein the SiO.sub.2 powder and the Cu.sub.2S powder are mixed according to the formula (SiO.sub.2).sub.(1-x)(Cu.sub.2S).sub.x, where 0.01<x<0.1, and heated to a temperature of between 800° C. and 1150° C. for a duration of between 1 and 10 hours.

A copper-doped glass formed by placing a target glass in a container, surrounding the target glass with a powder mixture comprised of SiO.sub.2 powder and Cu.sub.2S powder, wherein the SiO.sub.2 powder and the Cu.sub.2S powder are mixed according to the formula (SiO.sub.2).sub.(1-x)(Cu.sub.2S).sub.x, where 0.01<x<0.1, and heated to a temperature of between 800° C. and 1150° C. for a duration of between 1 and 10 hours.