A substrate for a display article includes: a primary surface; a textured region on at least a portion of the primary surface, the textured region comprising surface features that reflect a random distribution, each of the surface features comprising a perimeter that is parallel to a base-plane extending through a thickness of the substrate below the textured region, wherein the perimeter is elliptical. The textured region can further include (i) one or more higher surfaces residing at a higher mean elevation from the base-plane and (ii) one or more lower surfaces residing at a lower mean elevation from the base-plane that is closer to the base-plane than the higher mean elevation. The higher mean elevation can differ from the lower mean elevation by a distance within a range of 0.05 μm to 0.70 μm.

An amorphous silica particles, gravel, other particles and products provide a safe replacement for crystalline silica sand, gravel, or particles in consumer and industrial applications wherein dust may be produced during use or installation. The amorphous silica particles, gravel, other particles or products may comprise components that increase the density, hardness, and other properties from container glass. These components include, but are not limited to, iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and zirconium oxides.

An amorphous silica particles, gravel, other particles and products provide a safe replacement for crystalline silica sand, gravel, or particles in consumer and industrial applications wherein dust may be produced during use or installation. The amorphous silica particles, gravel, other particles or products may comprise components that increase the density, hardness, and other properties from container glass. These components include, but are not limited to, iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and zirconium oxides.

Glass elements are provided that include a coating and a sheet-like glass substrate. The sheet-like glass substrate has a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. The coating is disposed in at least some areas of at least one of the first and second surfaces. The coating is an inorganic glass-based coating that includes at least one glassy component; at least one pigment comprising pigment particles; and a filler. The filler is inorganic and includes filler particles with a d.sub.50 value, based on an equivalent diameter, of at least 0.1 μm and less than 10 μm.

A low infrared absorbing lithium glass includes FeO in the range of 0.0005-0.015 wt %, more preferably 0.001-0.010 wt %, and a redox ratio in the range of 0.005-0.15, more preferably in the range of 0.005-010. The glass can be chemically tempered and used to provide a ballistic viewing cover for night vision goggles or scope. A method is provided to change a glass making process from making a high infrared absorbing lithium glass having FeO in the range of 0.02 to 0.04 wt % and a redox ratio in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 to the low infrared absorbing lithium glass by adding additional oxidizers to the batch materials. A second method is provided to change a glass making process from making a low infrared absorbing lithium glass to the high infrared absorbing lithium glass by adding additional reducers to the batch material. In one embodiment of the invention the oxidizer is CeO.sub.2. An embodiment of the invention covers a glass made according to the method.

A method of performing ion exchange of a thin, flexible glass substrate having an average thickness equal to or less than about 0.3 mm to chemically strengthen the glass substrate is disclosed. The chemically strengthened glass substrate comprises a first compressive stress layer having a first depth of layer, and a second compressive stress layer having a second depth of layer, the first and second stress layers being separated by a layer of tensile stress. A laminated article comprising the chemically strengthened glass substrate is also described.

A method of performing ion exchange of a thin, flexible glass substrate having an average thickness equal to or less than about 0.3 mm to chemically strengthen the glass substrate is disclosed. The chemically strengthened glass substrate comprises a first compressive stress layer having a first depth of layer, and a second compressive stress layer having a second depth of layer, the first and second stress layers being separated by a layer of tensile stress. A laminated article comprising the chemically strengthened glass substrate is also described.

Glass, a glass forming method, a pressing apparatus, and a calender. The glass is made by a calendering method, and the glass comprises raw materials of SiO.sub.2, Li.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, CaO, MgO, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and TiO.sub.2+ZrO.sub.2. The pressing apparatus comprises two oppositely arranged pressing mechanisms; each pressing mechanism comprises a base, a cross beam, a pressing rod, a stand column, and a driving mechanism; the stand column and the driving mechanism are mounted on the base; the first end of the pressing rod, the end of the stand column distant from the base, and the end of the driving mechanism distant from the base are all pivoted to the cross beam; and the stand column is located between the pressing rod and the driving mechanism. The calender comprises the pressing mechanisms. The glass has better performance and higher mechanical strength.

A process and an apparatus for refining molten glass. The apparatus includes a porous body having an inlet, an outlet, and a plurality of pores through which molten glass can flow between the inlet and the outlet. The plurality of pores are defined by walls having wall surfaces that are configured to interact with the molten glass as the molten glass flows between the inlet and the outlet to help refine the molten glass.

A process and an apparatus for refining molten glass. The apparatus includes a porous body having an inlet, an outlet, and a plurality of pores through which molten glass can flow between the inlet and the outlet. The plurality of pores are defined by walls having wall surfaces that are configured to interact with the molten glass as the molten glass flows between the inlet and the outlet to help refine the molten glass.