A hydrophilic member that enables provision of favorable photocatalytic performance while enhancing water repellent agent resistance and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. A maintenance method for removing a water repellent agent adhering to a surface of a hydrophilic layer of a hydrophilic member, the water repellent agent having a cation property, is provided. A photocatalytic layer is formed on a base material. An intermediate layer is formed on the photocatalytic layer. A hydrophilic layer having an isoelectric point exceeding 7 is formed on the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer is a layer that causes the hydrophilic layer to be formed so as to have a low density compared to a case where the hydrophilic layer is formed directly on the photocatalytic layer under the same film forming condition. A water repellent agent adhering to a surface of the hydrophilic layer can effectively be removed using sodium bicarbonate.

An anti-fog glass includes a glass body configured as a single layer or a multilayer stack; an active anti-fog layer disposed on the glass body and heating up when being provided with power; and a passive anti-fog layer disposed on the glass body and inhibiting fog from forming on the passive anti-fog layer. The passive anti-fog layer is a super hydrophobic coating and/or hydrophilic coating. Both the active anti-fog layer and the passive anti-fog layer are simultaneously disposed on the glass body to inhibit fog from forming. In this way, in a region of the glass body not covered by the active anti-fog layer, the anti-fog function is achieved by the passive anti-fog layer to a certain degree; in addition, in a region where the passive anti-fog layer itself cannot provide a desired anti-fog level, the active anti-fog layer together with the passive anti-fog layer provide a better anti-fog effect.

Polymeric film of a semi rigid nature and with low opacity that contributes to environmental detoxification through the inclusion of titanium dioxide particles. It features photocatalytic properties within the range of visible light. The film permits the coating of surfaces such as windows by adhering to them and is thus easily removable. Versions in which the film includes at least one layer with electrochromic properties have been developed. It is intended for the chemicals and construction sectors.

A hydrophilic member that enables provision of favorable photocatalytic performance while enhancing water repellent agent resistance and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. A maintenance method for removing a water repellent agent adhering to a surface of a hydrophilic layer of a hydrophilic member, the water repellent agent having a cation property, is provided. A photocatalytic layer is formed on a base material. An intermediate layer is formed on the photocatalytic layer. A hydrophilic layer having an isoelectric point exceeding 7 is formed on the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer is a layer that causes the hydrophilic layer to be formed so as to have a low density compared to a case where the hydrophilic layer is formed directly on the photocatalytic layer under the same film forming condition. A water repellent agent adhering to a surface of the hydrophilic layer can effectively be removed using sodium bicarbonate.

A process for activating a layer supported by a glass substrate includes carrying out a heat treatment in a chamber of a stack of several examples of the glass substrate, the glass substrates being separated by an interlayer powder. The layer to be activated may be an ITO layer, or a titanium oxide layer, or an SiO.sub.2 layer, or a silver layer.

A dielectric multilayer film is composed of a plurality of layers on a substrate. The plurality of layers includes at least one low refractive index layer and at least one high refractive index layer. The uppermost layer farthest from the substrate is the low refractive index layer. The high refractive index layer disposed on a substrate side of the uppermost layer is a functional layer containing a metal oxide with a photocatalytic function. The uppermost layer is a hydrophilic layer containing a metal oxide with a hydrophilic function and has pores that partially expose a surface of the functional layer. The average width of the pores is equal to or greater than 5 nm.

The present invention provides a glass article including a photocatalyst film 1 containing silicon oxide particles 6 and titanium oxide particles 5, and a glass sheet 2. Assuming that the photocatalyst film 1 has a film thickness T, 80% or more of the titanium oxide particles are localized in a region between a surface of the glass sheet 2 and a position spaced from the surface by 0.6 T toward a surface of the photocatalyst film 1 in a thickness direction of the photocatalyst film 1. The glass article has an increased transmittance provided by enhancing the reflection-reducing function of the photocatalyst film 1 while maintaining the film strength and photocatalytic function of the photocatalyst film 1.

A bias-free driven ion-based photoelectrochemical wastewater treatment system and method is disclosed. Through an ion-coupled photogenerated electron-assisted photocatalytic oxidation-reduction pathway, the system achieves efficient treatment of high-salinity wastewater. The system employs electron-ion receptor materials as the counter electrode, providing reaction sites to drive the coupling of photogenerated electrons and cation transfer. Additionally, the voltage generated by the system directly drives hole oxidation to produce strong oxidizing free radicals. Furthermore, this ion-based photoelectrochemical system demonstrates excellent degradation performance in high-concentration chloride media. This indicates that, in addition to cations (such as Na+) helping to accelerate the electron transfer rate, the presence of Cl further enables efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment. The concept proposed in this invention emphasizes the potential for using abundant sodium chloride in seawater as an inexpensive additive for wastewater treatment.

A method of forming a titania-coated inorganic particle comprising the steps of: (a) agitating a mixture of inorganic particle and organic solvent; (b) adding titania precursor dropwise into the mixture of step (a) under agitation; and (c) adding catalyst to the mixture of step (b) thereby converting said titania precursor to titania which then forms a coating on said inorganic particle; wherein steps (a) to (c) are performed at neutral pH and ambient temperature.

A method for forming a film of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) by way of thermal vapor condensation comprising the steps of: a) providing a solid-phase thiourea precursor and a solid-phase melamine precursor in a container; b) covering the container with a first substrate; and c) thermally generating a vapor-phase thiourea source and a vapor-phase melamine source from the solid-phase thiourea precursor and the solid-phase melamine precursor in an air environment thereby forming a layer of g-CN on the first substrate. A film of g-CN formed by the method is also addressed.