A glass furnace including an additive-containing product including an additive selected from: phosphorus compounds other than glasses and vitroceramics, tungsten compounds other than glasses and vitroceramics, molybdenum compounds other than glasses and vitroceramics, iron in the form of metal, aluminum in the form of metal, silicon in the form of metal, and their mixtures, silicon carbide, boron carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, glasses including elemental phosphorus and/or iron and/or tungsten and/or molybdenum, vitroceramics including elemental phosphorus and/or iron and/or tungsten and/or molybdenum, and their mixtures, and having the following chemical analysis, exclusively of the additive, as a percentage by weight on the basis of the oxides: Cr.sub.2O.sub.32%, and Cr.sub.2O.sub.3+Al.sub.2O.sub.3+CaO+ZrO.sub.2+MgO+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.290%, and Cr.sub.2O.sub.3+Al.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO60%, the content by weight of additive being in the range 0.01% to 6%.

A glass furnace including an additive-containing product including an additive selected from: phosphorus compounds other than glasses and vitroceramics, tungsten compounds other than glasses and vitroceramics, molybdenum compounds other than glasses and vitroceramics, iron in the form of metal, aluminum in the form of metal, silicon in the form of metal, and their mixtures, silicon carbide, boron carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, glasses including elemental phosphorus and/or iron and/or tungsten and/or molybdenum, vitroceramics including elemental phosphorus and/or iron and/or tungsten and/or molybdenum, and their mixtures, and having the following chemical analysis, exclusively of the additive, as a percentage by weight on the basis of the oxides: Cr.sub.2O.sub.32%, and Cr.sub.2O.sub.3+Al.sub.2O.sub.3+CaO+ZrO.sub.2+MgO+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.290%, and Cr.sub.2O.sub.3+Al.sub.2O.sub.3+MgO60%, the content by weight of additive being in the range 0.01% to 6%.

The invention relates to a ceramic composition and a material comprising said ceramic composition in the form of a coating and a steel substrate. Furthermore, the invention relates to the process to obtain said material and its use as part of a heat recovery unit.

A heat-transforming ceramic roasting cylinder and a coffee bean roaster using the same are provided. The ceramic roasting cylinder is made by grinding and mixing ball clay, kaolin clay, mullite, spodumene, and an energy ceramic material into a clay blank; molding the clay blank into ceramic green bodies; and sintering the ceramic green bodies at 12501320 C. for 1824 hours. The ceramic roasting cylinder has an internal roasting space where coffee beans are loaded. The ceramic roasting cylinder also has evenly distributed capillary pores through which heat can circulate to induce the energy ceramic material in the roasting cylinder to release negative ions and far-infrared rays. The far-infrared rays can reduce the van der Waals forces between the oil molecules in the coffee beans instantly, splitting large oil molecules into smaller ones, ensuring the oil in the beans are released sufficiently, evenly, and rapidly to the vicinity of the bean surface.

The first object of the invention is directed to a method for modulating the number of charge carriers p in Cu.sub.xCr.sub.yO.sub.2, the method comprising the steps of (a) depositing a film of Cu.sub.xCr.sub.yO.sub.2 on a substrate; and (b) annealing at a temperature T the film of deposited Cu.sub.xCr.sub.yO.sub.2, wherein the subscripts x and y are positive numbers whose the sum is equal or inferior to 2. The method is remarkable in that the log (p)= T.sup.2+ T+, wherein the temperature T is expressed degree Celsius, wherein is a first parameter ranging from 0.00011 to 0.009, wherein is a second parameter ranging from +0.12 to +0.14, and wherein is a third parameter ranging from 27.40 to 22.42. The second object of the invention is directed to a semiconductor comprising Cu.sub.xCr.sub.yO.sub.2 deposited on a substrate and obtainable by the method in accordance with the first object of the invention.

The first object of the invention is directed to a method for modulating the number of charge carriers p in Cu.sub.xCr.sub.yO.sub.2, the method comprising the steps of (a) depositing a film of Cu.sub.xCr.sub.yO.sub.2 on a substrate; and (b) annealing at a temperature T the film of deposited Cu.sub.xCr.sub.yO.sub.2, wherein the subscripts x and y are positive numbers whose the sum is equal or inferior to 2. The method is remarkable in that the log (p)= T.sup.2+ T+, wherein the temperature T is expressed degree Celsius, wherein is a first parameter ranging from 0.00011 to 0.009, wherein is a second parameter ranging from +0.12 to +0.14, and wherein is a third parameter ranging from 27.40 to 22.42. The second object of the invention is directed to a semiconductor comprising Cu.sub.xCr.sub.yO.sub.2 deposited on a substrate and obtainable by the method in accordance with the first object of the invention.

An optical glass has a refractive index (n.sub.d) of 1.64 or more. A P value represented by the following formula (1) is in a range of 7.0<P value<10.0: P value=log(A.sub.450P.sub.450+A.sub.550P.sub.550+A.sub.650P.sub.650+A.sub.750P.sub.750) (1) A.sub.450, A.sub.550, A.sub.650 and A.sub.750 are absorbances of the optical glass with a plate thickness of 10 mm at a wavelength of 450 nm, 550 nm, 650 nm and 750 nm, respectively. P.sub.450, P.sub.550, P.sub.650 and P.sub.750 are radiances of light having a wavelength of 450 nm, 550 nm, 650 nm and 750 nm, respectively, at 1,300 C. according to Planck's radiation law. All of internal transmittances in terms of a 10-mm thickness at wavelengths of 450 nm, 550 nm, 650 nm and 750 nm are 91% or more.

An optical glass has a refractive index (n.sub.d) of 1.64 or more. A P value represented by the following formula (1) is in a range of 7.0<P value<10.0: P value=log(A.sub.450P.sub.450+A.sub.550P.sub.550+A.sub.650P.sub.650+A.sub.750P.sub.750) (1) A.sub.450, A.sub.550, A.sub.650 and A.sub.750 are absorbances of the optical glass with a plate thickness of 10 mm at a wavelength of 450 nm, 550 nm, 650 nm and 750 nm, respectively. P.sub.450, P.sub.550, P.sub.650 and P.sub.750 are radiances of light having a wavelength of 450 nm, 550 nm, 650 nm and 750 nm, respectively, at 1,300 C. according to Planck's radiation law. All of internal transmittances in terms of a 10-mm thickness at wavelengths of 450 nm, 550 nm, 650 nm and 750 nm are 91% or more.

An intermediate layer containing CeO.sub.2 with which a rare earth element (excluding Ce) forms a solid solution and a first electrode layer may be disposed in this order on a surface on one side of a solid electrolyte layer containing Zr, and a second electrode layer may be disposed on a surface on another side opposite the surface of the one side of the solid electrolyte layer. The intermediate layer includes a first layer located closer to the solid electrolyte layer and a second layer disposed on the first layer and located closer to the first electrode layer, and a concentration of the rare earth element of the first layer may be greater than a concentration of the rare earth element of the second layer.

A method for coating a substrate with a ceramic coating, includes the steps of: applying a bond coat material to a surface of a substrate to form a bond coat on the surface; and applying a ceramic coat over the bond coat, wherein the step of applying the bond coat material produces a bond coat having a lower elastic modulus as compared to a conventionally applied bond coat.