Disclosed is a process for preparing a product of formula I: wherein the reaction is catalyzed both by thiamine or a thiamine salt and by ascorbic acid in a form which is free or salified or an organic acid salt of an alkaline metal, preferably sodium acetate, potassium tartrate, sodium succinate, or a reductone, preferably 2-hydroxypropanedial or 2,3-dihydroxycyclopent-2-ene-1-one in an organic solvent.

The invention relates to Brnsted-acidic fluoroalkyl phosphonates as bifunctional catalysts and to processes for the preparation thereof.

The invention relates to Brnsted-acidic fluoroalkyl phosphonates as bifunctional catalysts and to processes for the preparation thereof.

A method for chemical modification of graphene includes dry etching graphene to provide an etched graphene; and introducing a functional group at an edge of the etched graphene. Also disclosed is graphene, including an etched edge portion, the etched portion including a functional group.

A method for chemical modification of graphene includes dry etching graphene to provide an etched graphene; and introducing a functional group at an edge of the etched graphene. Also disclosed is graphene, including an etched edge portion, the etched portion including a functional group.

The present invention discloses a valorization method of a flux containing undesired D-lactic acid (ester(s)) in the production process of L-polylactic acid, the production thereof comprising: oligomerisation (30) of a substantially pure L-lactic acid feed; cyclisation (40) of the lactic acid oligomers, thereby obtaining lactides and a first residual stream transferred, at least partially, to a transesterification (80) and a hydrolysis (90) step; lactide purification (50), thereby obtaining purified lactides comprising L-lactide and meso-lactide, a second and a third residual stream, wherein the second residual stream is transferred, at least partially, to the oligomerisation (30) step and the third residual stream is transferred, at least partially, to a transesterification (80) and a hydrolysis step (90); polymerisation (60) of the purified lactides into poly lactic acid; purification (70) of the poly lactic acid, thereby obtaining purified polylactic acid comprising substantially L-polylactic acid and unreacted L-lactide, unreacted meso-lactide and impurities transferred, at least partially, to the lactide purification step (50); transesterification (80) and hydrolysis (90) of the at least partially transferred first and third residual streams, thereby obtaining a fourth and a fifth residual stream which are used, at least partially, as a base for the synthesis of molecules insensitive to the optical isometry D or L of lactic acid (esters).

The present invention discloses a valorization method of a flux containing undesired D-lactic acid (ester(s)) in the production process of L-polylactic acid, the production thereof comprising: oligomerisation (30) of a substantially pure L-lactic acid feed; cyclisation (40) of the lactic acid oligomers, thereby obtaining lactides and a first residual stream transferred, at least partially, to a transesterification (80) and a hydrolysis (90) step; lactide purification (50), thereby obtaining purified lactides comprising L-lactide and meso-lactide, a second and a third residual stream, wherein the second residual stream is transferred, at least partially, to the oligomerisation (30) step and the third residual stream is transferred, at least partially, to a transesterification (80) and a hydrolysis step (90); polymerisation (60) of the purified lactides into poly lactic acid; purification (70) of the poly lactic acid, thereby obtaining purified polylactic acid comprising substantially L-polylactic acid and unreacted L-lactide, unreacted meso-lactide and impurities transferred, at least partially, to the lactide purification step (50); transesterification (80) and hydrolysis (90) of the at least partially transferred first and third residual streams, thereby obtaining a fourth and a fifth residual stream which are used, at least partially, as a base for the synthesis of molecules insensitive to the optical isometry D or L of lactic acid (esters).

Catalyst materials for olefin metathesis reactions. The catalyst materials comprise a ruthenium phosphinimine complex. The ruthenium phosphinimine may be synthesized without bound N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) or phosphine ligands, thereby providing significant advantageous in conversion, selectivity, and stability compared to existing ruthenium-based catalysts.

Catalyst materials for olefin metathesis reactions. The catalyst materials comprise a ruthenium phosphinimine complex. The ruthenium phosphinimine may be synthesized without bound N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) or phosphine ligands, thereby providing significant advantageous in conversion, selectivity, and stability compared to existing ruthenium-based catalysts.

The present invention is drawn to a raw material for chemical deposition for producing a ruthenium thin film or a ruthenium compound thin film by a chemical deposition method, containing an organoruthenium compound represented by the following formula 1, and further containing -diketone that is the same as a ligand of the organoruthenium compound. The raw material for chemical deposition of the present invention is inhibited in discoloration/precipitation even when heated at a high temperature, and enables to form a stable ruthenium thin film or ruthenium compound thin film.

##STR00001## wherein substituents R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group.