A method for chemical modification of graphene includes dry etching graphene to provide an etched graphene; and introducing a functional group at an edge of the etched graphene. Also disclosed is graphene, including an etched edge portion, the etched portion including a functional group.

The present invention provides a coating composition and a method of imparting self-healing, anti-microbial and anti-fouling properties onto a substrate at ambient temperature without external intervention. The coating composition comprises a product of an in-situ polymerization mixture comprising diisocyanate, polyol and saccharide. The polyol is a polyester or a polyether.

The present invention refers to alpha branched alkanoic and alkenoic acids of formula (I)

##STR00001## wherein X and R have the same meaning as given in the description. The invention further refers to perfume compositions and fragrance applications comprising them.

The present invention refers to alpha branched alkanoic and alkenoic acids of formula (I)

##STR00001## wherein X and R have the same meaning as given in the description. The invention further refers to perfume compositions and fragrance applications comprising them.

A process for producing a mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids proceeding from 2-ethylhexanol is characterized in that 2-ethylhexanol is (a) reacted at a temperature of 0 C. to 40 C. with a mixture of concentrated formic acid and a concentrated Brnsted acid, wherein 2 to 10 mol of formic acid are used per mole of 2-ethylhexanol and the concentrated Brnsted acid is used in an amount that corresponds to 6 to 90 mol of protons per mole of 2-ethylhexanol. The resulting reaction mixture from step (a) is subsequently (b) brought into contact with water, and the mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids formed according to step b) is removed.

A process for producing a mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids proceeding from 2-ethylhexanol is characterized in that 2-ethylhexanol is (a) reacted at a temperature of 0 C. to 40 C. with a mixture of concentrated formic acid and a concentrated Brnsted acid, wherein 2 to 10 mol of formic acid are used per mole of 2-ethylhexanol and the concentrated Brnsted acid is used in an amount that corresponds to 6 to 90 mol of protons per mole of 2-ethylhexanol. The resulting reaction mixture from step (a) is subsequently (b) brought into contact with water, and the mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids formed according to step b) is removed.

A process for producing a mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids proceeding from 2-ethylhexanol is characterized in that 2-ethylhexanol is (a) reacted at a temperature of 0 C. to 40 C. with a mixture of concentrated formic acid and a concentrated Brnsted acid, wherein 2 to 10 mol of formic acid are used per mole of 2-ethylhexanol and the concentrated Brnsted acid is used in an amount that corresponds to 6 to 90 mol of protons per mole of 2-ethylhexanol. The resulting reaction mixture from step (a) is subsequently (b) brought into contact with water, and the mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids formed according to step b) is removed.

A process for producing a mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids proceeding from 2-ethylhexanol is characterized in that 2-ethylhexanol is (a) reacted at a temperature of 0 C. to 40 C. with a mixture of concentrated formic acid and a concentrated Brnsted acid, wherein 2 to 10 mol of formic acid are used per mole of 2-ethylhexanol and the concentrated Brnsted acid is used in an amount that corresponds to 6 to 90 mol of protons per mole of 2-ethylhexanol. The resulting reaction mixture from step (a) is subsequently (b) brought into contact with water, and the mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids formed according to step b) is removed.

A process for producing a mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids proceeding from 2-ethylhexanol is characterized in that 2-ethylhexanol is (a) reacted at a temperature of 0 C. to 40 C. with a mixture of concentrated formic acid and a concentrated Brnsted acid, wherein 2 to 10 mol of formic acid are used per mole of 2-ethylhexanol and the concentrated Brnsted acid is used in an amount that corresponds to 6 to 90 mol of protons per mole of 2-ethylhexanol. The resulting reaction mixture from step (a) is subsequently (b) brought into contact with water, and the mixture comprising tertiary isononanoic acids formed according to step b) is removed.

The present invention relates to compounds of Formula I wherein R1 is either H or D and wherein D is deuterium, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention also relates to methods of treating abnormal conditions associated with excess fibrin deposition, thrombus formation, migraine headaches, bipolar disorders, epilepsy and associated conditions in which inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) provides a therapeutic benefit.

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