Core-shell particles and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. The core is formed of or contains one or more hydrophobic materials or more hydrophobic materials. The shell is formed of or contains hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG). The HPG coating can be modified to adjust the properties of the particles. Unmodified HPG coatings impart stealth properties to the particles which resist non-specific protein absorption and increase circulation in the blood. The hydroxyl groups on the HPG coating can be chemically modified to form functional groups that react with functional groups and adhere the particles to tissue, cells, or extracellular materials, such as proteins.

A catalyst system for a liquid phase carbonylation reaction comprising a homogeneous acid catalyst component and a porous solid component, in particular for use in the formation of glycolic acid by carbonylation of formaldehyde. The homogeneous acid catalyst component is, for instance, sulphuric acid while the solid component can be unfunctionalized silica. A process for the carbonylation of an aldehyde to form a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof is also described. The process comprises the steps of contacting the catalyst with carbon monoxide, water and the aldehyde.

A catalyst system for a liquid phase carbonylation reaction comprising a homogeneous acid catalyst component and a porous solid component, in particular for use in the formation of glycolic acid by carbonylation of formaldehyde. The homogeneous acid catalyst component is, for instance, sulphuric acid while the solid component can be unfunctionalized silica. A process for the carbonylation of an aldehyde to form a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof is also described. The process comprises the steps of contacting the catalyst with carbon monoxide, water and the aldehyde.

Magnesium chloride solutions including providing aqueous magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 10-30 wt. % to concentration step where water is evaporated, resulting in concentrated magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 30-50 wt. %, wherein concentration step is carried out in one or more stages, wherein at least one of the stages is conducted at elevated pressure, withdrawing concentrated magnesium chloride solution from concentration step, and providing it to thermohydrolysis reactor of at least 300 C., withdrawing MgO from thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream of at least 300 C. from thermohydrolysis reactor, providing the HCl-containing gas stream of at least 300 C. to cooling step, where HCl-containing gas stream is contacted with cooling liquid, withdrawing HCl-containing gas stream below 150 C. from cooling step, circulating cooling liquid through heat exchanger where energy is transferred to heating liquid which circulates from heat exchanger to concentration step.

Magnesium chloride solutions including providing aqueous magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 10-30 wt. % to concentration step where water is evaporated, resulting in concentrated magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 30-50 wt. %, wherein concentration step is carried out in one or more stages, wherein at least one of the stages is conducted at elevated pressure, withdrawing concentrated magnesium chloride solution from concentration step, and providing it to thermohydrolysis reactor of at least 300 C., withdrawing MgO from thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream of at least 300 C. from thermohydrolysis reactor, providing the HCl-containing gas stream of at least 300 C. to cooling step, where HCl-containing gas stream is contacted with cooling liquid, withdrawing HCl-containing gas stream below 150 C. from cooling step, circulating cooling liquid through heat exchanger where energy is transferred to heating liquid which circulates from heat exchanger to concentration step.

Core-shell particles have a hydrophobic core and a shell formed of or containing hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG). The HPG can be covalently bound to the one or more materials that form the core or coated thereon. The HPG coating can be modified to adjust the properties of the particles. For example, unmodified HPG coatings impart stealth properties to the particles which resist non-specific protein absorption. Alternatively, the hydroxyl groups on the HPG coating can be chemically modified to form functional groups that react with functional groups on tissue or otherwise interact with tissue to adhere the particles to the tissue, cells, or extracellular materials, such as proteins. Such functional groups include, but not limited to, aldehydes, amines, and O-substituted oximes. Topical formulation for application to the skin contain these HPG coated nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the particles include therapeutic, diagnostic, nutraceutical, and/or prophylactic agents such as those used as sunblock compositions.

Core-shell particles have a hydrophobic core and a shell formed of or containing hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG). The HPG can be covalently bound to the one or more materials that form the core or coated thereon. The HPG coating can be modified to adjust the properties of the particles. For example, unmodified HPG coatings impart stealth properties to the particles which resist non-specific protein absorption. Alternatively, the hydroxyl groups on the HPG coating can be chemically modified to form functional groups that react with functional groups on tissue or otherwise interact with tissue to adhere the particles to the tissue, cells, or extracellular materials, such as proteins. Such functional groups include, but not limited to, aldehydes, amines, and O-substituted oximes. Topical formulation for application to the skin contain these HPG coated nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the particles include therapeutic, diagnostic, nutraceutical, and/or prophylactic agents such as those used as sunblock compositions.

Core-shell particles and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. The core is formed of or contains one or more hydrophobic materials or more hydrophobic materials. The shell is formed of or contains hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG). The HPG coating can be modified to adjust the properties of the particles. Unmodified HPG coatings impart stealth properties to the particles which resist non-specific protein absorption and increase circulation in the blood. The hydroxyl groups on the HPG coating can be chemically modified to form functional groups that react with functional groups and adhere the particles to tissue, cells, or extracellular materials, such as proteins.

Core-shell particles and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. The core is formed of or contains one or more hydrophobic materials or more hydrophobic materials. The shell is formed of or contains hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG). The HPG coating can be modified to adjust the properties of the particles. Unmodified HPG coatings impart stealth properties to the particles which resist non-specific protein absorption and increase circulation in the blood. The hydroxyl groups on the HPG coating can be chemically modified to form functional groups that react with functional groups and adhere the particles to tissue, cells, or extracellular materials, such as proteins.

The present disclosure provides: one or more salts or crystalline forms of 3-deuteromitragynine of Formula I; and one or more salts or crystalline forms of mitragynine of Formula II. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising salts and crystalline forms of Formulae I and II and methods of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of preparing and purifying the salts of Formulae I and II are further disclosed.

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