The present disclosure provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (III),

##STR00001##

compounds of formula (V),

##STR00002##

and corresponding salts of formula (IV).

##STR00003##

The compounds made by the methods and processes of the invention are particularly useful for administration in humans and animals.

A method for producing 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl includes a separation step of separating a metal salt of 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl from a reaction mixture by solid-liquid separation. In the method, a 2,2′-bis(alkoxycarbonylmethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl is used as a starting material.

A method for producing 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl includes a separation step of separating a metal salt of 2,2′-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl from a reaction mixture by solid-liquid separation. In the method, a 2,2′-bis(alkoxycarbonylmethoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl is used as a starting material.

A method of oxygenating a benzylic C—H bond is provided. The method comprises light induced activation of an initiator and subsequent reaction with oxygen, resulting in the formation of free radicals. Subsequently, free radicals catalyze the reaction of the benzylic C—H bond with oxygen, thereby forming an oxygenated compound.

A method of oxygenating a benzylic C—H bond is provided. The method comprises light induced activation of an initiator and subsequent reaction with oxygen, resulting in the formation of free radicals. Subsequently, free radicals catalyze the reaction of the benzylic C—H bond with oxygen, thereby forming an oxygenated compound.

The present invention describes a process for obtaining a biolubricant from vegetable oil, which comprises the steps of (a) esterification reaction of the product of vegetable oil hydrolysis using a branched aliphatic alcohol; (b) epoxidation reaction of the esters obtained in step (a); and (c) nucleophilic substitution reaction of the epoxidated esters obtained in step (b) using a branched aliphatic alcohol. The present invention also describes a biolubricant obtained from the process. More specifically, a biolubricant is described that is produced from a ricinoleic fatty acid, whose formula is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the present invention, and where R.sub.1 is a hydroxyl or it is from the formula R.sub.3COO.sup.−, with R.sub.3 being an alkyl radical C.sub.1-C.sub.3, preferably a methyl radical; and R.sub.2 consists of a straight chain of hydrocarbons C.sub.4-C.sub.8 and a branched chain of hydrocarbons C.sub.1-C.sub.3.

The present invention describes a process for obtaining a biolubricant from vegetable oil, which comprises the steps of (a) esterification reaction of the product of vegetable oil hydrolysis using a branched aliphatic alcohol; (b) epoxidation reaction of the esters obtained in step (a); and (c) nucleophilic substitution reaction of the epoxidated esters obtained in step (b) using a branched aliphatic alcohol. The present invention also describes a biolubricant obtained from the process. More specifically, a biolubricant is described that is produced from a ricinoleic fatty acid, whose formula is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the present invention, and where R.sub.1 is a hydroxyl or it is from the formula R.sub.3COO.sup.−, with R.sub.3 being an alkyl radical C.sub.1-C.sub.3, preferably a methyl radical; and R.sub.2 consists of a straight chain of hydrocarbons C.sub.4-C.sub.8 and a branched chain of hydrocarbons C.sub.1-C.sub.3.

The invention provides methods of preparing 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid and methods of making a pharmaceutical material comprising a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid. Also provided are compositions and pharmaceutical materials including a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid as well as methods of treating various diseases and conditions using the compositions and pharmaceutical materials.

The invention provides methods of preparing 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid and methods of making a pharmaceutical material comprising a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid. Also provided are compositions and pharmaceutical materials including a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid as well as methods of treating various diseases and conditions using the compositions and pharmaceutical materials.

A novel method of producing an azole derivative represented by General Formula (I) includes: reacting an organometallic reagent formed from 1-bromo-2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene by transmetalation reaction with a bromopyruvic acid derivative to obtain a bromohydrin derivative; and reacting the bromohydrin derivative with imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole, or an alkali metal salt thereof to obtain the azole derivative.