The disclosure features novel lipids and compositions involving the same. Nanoparticle compositions include a novel lipid as well as additional lipids such as phospholipids, structural lipids, and PEG lipids. Nanoparticle compositions further including therapeutic and/or prophylactics such as RNA are useful in the delivery of therapeutic and/or prophylactics to mammalian cells or organs to, for example, regulate polypeptide, protein, or gene expression.

Methods of synthesizing fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are provided. The methods utilize affordable materials, reduce the number of synthesis steps and provide high yields.

Methods of synthesizing fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are provided. The methods utilize affordable materials, reduce the number of synthesis steps and provide high yields.

Methods of synthesizing fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are provided. The methods utilize affordable materials, reduce the number of synthesis steps and provide high yields.

1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid non-hydrate can be obtained by

treating 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride with a tertiary amine in the presence of a C.sub.3-C.sub.4 alcohol and water, keeping the reaction mixture at 50 C. or below,
collecting the precipitated crystal of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid 0.5 hydrate by filtration, and heating the obtained crystal to 80 to 245 C.

1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid non-hydrate can be obtained by

treating 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride with a tertiary amine in the presence of a C.sub.3-C.sub.4 alcohol and water, keeping the reaction mixture at 50 C. or below,
collecting the precipitated crystal of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid 0.5 hydrate by filtration, and heating the obtained crystal to 80 to 245 C.

1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid non-hydrate can be obtained by

treating 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride with a tertiary amine in the presence of a C.sub.3-C.sub.4 alcohol and water, keeping the reaction mixture at 50 C. or below,
collecting the precipitated crystal of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid 0.5 hydrate by filtration, and heating the obtained crystal to 80 to 245 C.

The presently claimed invention relates to a method for obtaining crystalline diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate. Further, the presently claimed invention relates to crystalline diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate obtained by the method and to a cosmetic composition comprising crystalline diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate. The crystalline diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate obtained by the method of the presently claimed invention has a phthalic acid dihexyl ester (PSDHE) content in the range of 1 to 250 ppm.

The presently claimed invention relates to a method for obtaining crystalline diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate. Further, the presently claimed invention relates to crystalline diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate obtained by the method and to a cosmetic composition comprising crystalline diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate. The crystalline diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate obtained by the method of the presently claimed invention has a phthalic acid dihexyl ester (PSDHE) content in the range of 1 to 250 ppm.

The invention provides 2-(substituted phenylhetero) aromatic formate FTO inhibitors, a preparation method thereof, and applications thereof. Specifically, disclosed in the present invention are a 2-(substituted phenylhetero) aromatic formate compound represented by the following formula (I), and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a hydrate or a solvate thereof, which can be used as an FTO targeting inhibitor for treating diseases associated with FTO targets, including obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS), type 2 diabetes (T2D), Alzheimer's diseases, and cancers such as breast cancers, small-cell lung cancers, human bone marrow rhabdomyosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, malignant glioblastoma and the like.

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