An electrolyte including one or more nitrile benzoquinone compounds, and the nitrile benzoquinone compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by formula I, formula II, and formula III:

##STR00001##

The substituents R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 ether group, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkoxy group, halogen, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkynyl group, and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.26 aryl group. The electrolyte can form a stable protective film on a cathode, thereby increasing the cycle capacity retention rate and high temperature storage performance of an electrochemical device.

An electrolyte including one or more nitrile benzoquinone compounds, and the nitrile benzoquinone compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by formula I, formula II, and formula III:

##STR00001##

The substituents R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 ether group, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkoxy group, halogen, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkynyl group, and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.26 aryl group. The electrolyte can form a stable protective film on a cathode, thereby increasing the cycle capacity retention rate and high temperature storage performance of an electrochemical device.

Inhibitors of the enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP), including 1B1 (CYP1B1), 1A1 (CYP1A1) and 19A1 (CYP19A1) are provided, and are useful in medical applications. Disclosed are highly potent and selective compounds that can be used in chemoprevention to ameliorate malignant changes induced by CYP, or to aid in treatment, including restoration of chemotherapeutic efficacy.

Inhibitors of the enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP), including 1B1 (CYP1B1), 1A1 (CYP1A1) and 19A1 (CYP19A1) are provided, and are useful in medical applications. Disclosed are highly potent and selective compounds that can be used in chemoprevention to ameliorate malignant changes induced by CYP, or to aid in treatment, including restoration of chemotherapeutic efficacy.

Stable crystalline Form I and Form II of compound (I) and methods for preparation thereof are provided, which present advantages in storage, formulation, shipment and handling for commercial considerations.

Provided are processes for preparing alpha, beta-unsaturated functional compounds using four major reaction steps: 1) air oxidation of an iso-paraffin to a mixture of alkyl hydroperoxide and alcohol; 2) converting the alkyl hydroperoxide and alcohol to dialkyl peroxide; 3) oxidative cross-coupling between a primary or secondary alcohol and a compound comprising at least one R3CH2- (R3=hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl) moiety to afford a coupled product using the dialkyl peroxide as a radical initiator, while the dialkyl peroxide is converted to a tertiary alcohol; 4) dehydration of the coupled product to yield an alpha, beta-unsaturated functional compound.

Provided are processes for preparing alpha, beta-unsaturated functional compounds using four major reaction steps: 1) air oxidation of an iso-paraffin to a mixture of alkyl hydroperoxide and alcohol; 2) converting the alkyl hydroperoxide and alcohol to dialkyl peroxide; 3) oxidative cross-coupling between a primary or secondary alcohol and a compound comprising at least one R3CH2- (R3=hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl) moiety to afford a coupled product using the dialkyl peroxide as a radical initiator, while the dialkyl peroxide is converted to a tertiary alcohol; 4) dehydration of the coupled product to yield an alpha, beta-unsaturated functional compound.

The present disclosure provides methods for enantioselective synthesis of acyclic -quaternary carboxylic acid derivatives via iridium-catalyzed allylic alkylation.

The present disclosure provides methods for enantioselective synthesis of acyclic -quaternary carboxylic acid derivatives via iridium-catalyzed allylic alkylation.

Disclosed herein is a compound of formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein the substituents are defined herein.