A method of making a magnesium salt of an alpha keto acid of the amino acid comprising valine, leucine, and/or isoleucine: 1) combining ingredients comprising: a calcium salt of an amino acid valine, leucine, or isoleucine; water; hydrochloric acid; and methyl tert-butyl ether; 2) stirring for about thirty minutes; 3) allowing the composition to settle into two layers, and collecting the top organic layer, and adding water and magnesium carbonate to the top organic layer; 4) heating the composition for one hour to 60-65° Celsius; 5) removing the solvent, cooling, and adding methyl-tert-butyl ether; 6) stirring the composition for one hour at 25-30° Celsius; 7) filtering, washing, drying under vacuum, and storing the composition as a powder; and 8) wherein the powder is a safe consumable low nitrogen product orally administered within a food, a beverage, or a tablet to treat kidney disease.

A method of making a magnesium salt of an alpha keto acid of the amino acid comprising valine, leucine, and/or isoleucine: 1) combining ingredients comprising: a calcium salt of an amino acid valine, leucine, or isoleucine; water; hydrochloric acid; and methyl tert-butyl ether; 2) stirring for about thirty minutes; 3) allowing the composition to settle into two layers, and collecting the top organic layer, and adding water and magnesium carbonate to the top organic layer; 4) heating the composition for one hour to 60-65° Celsius; 5) removing the solvent, cooling, and adding methyl-tert-butyl ether; 6) stirring the composition for one hour at 25-30° Celsius; 7) filtering, washing, drying under vacuum, and storing the composition as a powder; and 8) wherein the powder is a safe consumable low nitrogen product orally administered within a food, a beverage, or a tablet to treat kidney disease.

The present application provides processes for synthesizing lipids of Formula I useful in the synthesis of fat-soluble compounds for targeting and enhancing activity of therapeutic molecules, including siRNA.

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The present application provides processes for synthesizing lipids of Formula I useful in the synthesis of fat-soluble compounds for targeting and enhancing activity of therapeutic molecules, including siRNA.

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There is provided an α-carbonyl alkenyl ester and a preparation method therefor, and the α-carbonyl alkenyl ester is further used to react with a primary or secondary amine to prepare an amide. The two reactions are combined to develop an amide bond and peptide bond formation method that directly use carboxylic acids and amines as starting materials and allenones as a condensing reagent. The α-carbonyl alkenyl ester corresponding to an α-amino acid serves as a peptide synthesis building block and is used in solid phase peptide synthesis. The method is carried out under mild reaction conditions, simple to operate, and has a high yield. Compared with existing amide bond condensation reagents, the allenones have the advantages of being simple to prepare, having good stability, a low molecular weight, not racemizing when activating α-chiral carboxylic acids, and is a novel amide bond and peptide bond condensing reagent.

There is provided an α-carbonyl alkenyl ester and a preparation method therefor, and the α-carbonyl alkenyl ester is further used to react with a primary or secondary amine to prepare an amide. The two reactions are combined to develop an amide bond and peptide bond formation method that directly use carboxylic acids and amines as starting materials and allenones as a condensing reagent. The α-carbonyl alkenyl ester corresponding to an α-amino acid serves as a peptide synthesis building block and is used in solid phase peptide synthesis. The method is carried out under mild reaction conditions, simple to operate, and has a high yield. Compared with existing amide bond condensation reagents, the allenones have the advantages of being simple to prepare, having good stability, a low molecular weight, not racemizing when activating α-chiral carboxylic acids, and is a novel amide bond and peptide bond condensing reagent.

Provided is a novel production method for a fluorinated organic compound (1), the method comprising step A of fluorinating a hydrogen atom-containing organic compound (2) using IF.sub.5 in a liquid composition comprising an organic solvent, the amount of the hydrogen atom-containing organic compound (2) being 1.8 mol or more per liter of the organic solvent.

Provided is a novel production method for a fluorinated organic compound (1), the method comprising step A of fluorinating a hydrogen atom-containing organic compound (2) using IF.sub.5 in a liquid composition comprising an organic solvent, the amount of the hydrogen atom-containing organic compound (2) being 1.8 mol or more per liter of the organic solvent.

Provided is a novel production method for a fluorinated organic compound (1), the method comprising step A of fluorinating a hydrogen atom-containing organic compound (2) using IF.sub.5 in a liquid composition comprising an organic solvent, the amount of the hydrogen atom-containing organic compound (2) being 1.8 mol or more per liter of the organic solvent.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of preparing a secondary amine. In some embodiments, the secondary amine comprises two different groups or two identical groups. Also provided herein are compositions for use in the preparation of the secondary amine.