Disclosed is a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrate, solvate, crystal, co-crystal, enantiomer, stereoisomer, polymorph or prodrug thereof, which is useful for treatment of eye disorders, skin diseases and/or complications associated therewith. Also disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient at least one compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Also disclosed is a method of treating an eye disorder, skin disease and/or a complication thereof in a subject in need thereof by administering at least one compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrate, solvate, crystal, co-crystal, enantiomer, stereoisomer, polymorph or prodrug thereof.

A photobase generator includes a compound including a first skeleton represented by the following formula (a), and a second skeleton including a nitrogen atom bonding to a bonding position of the first skeleton to form an amide group, wherein the compound generates a base, in which a hydrogen atom is bonding with the nitrogen atom of the second skeleton, by light irradiation, and the pKa of a conjugate acid of the base in water is 12 or more. In formula (a), G is a divalent aromatic group, and * represents the bonding position with the nitrogen atom. ##STR00001##

A photobase generator includes a compound including a first skeleton represented by the following formula (a), and a second skeleton including a nitrogen atom bonding to a bonding position of the first skeleton to form an amide group, wherein the compound generates a base, in which a hydrogen atom is bonding with the nitrogen atom of the second skeleton, by light irradiation, and the pKa of a conjugate acid of the base in water is 12 or more. In formula (a), G is a divalent aromatic group, and * represents the bonding position with the nitrogen atom. ##STR00001##

A method of enhanced oil recovery wherein: (a) a flooding composition is delivered into a subterranean reservoir; (b) the flooding composition includes a sulfur surfactant; and (c) the fluid produced from the subterranean reservoir can also be analyzed to determine if the surfactant is present in the fluid. The surfactant preferably includes a sulfonate moiety or other sulfur-containing moiety. The presence of the surfactant in the fluid produced from the subterranean reservoir is preferably determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC-AES, or HPLC-ICP.

A method of enhanced oil recovery wherein: (a) a flooding composition is delivered into a subterranean reservoir; (b) the flooding composition includes a sulfur surfactant; and (c) the fluid produced from the subterranean reservoir can also be analyzed to determine if the surfactant is present in the fluid. The surfactant preferably includes a sulfonate moiety or other sulfur-containing moiety. The presence of the surfactant in the fluid produced from the subterranean reservoir is preferably determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC-AES, or HPLC-ICP.

A method of enhanced oil recovery wherein: (a) a flooding composition is delivered into a subterranean reservoir; (b) the flooding composition includes a sulfur surfactant; and (c) the fluid produced from the subterranean reservoir can also be analyzed to determine if the surfactant is present in the fluid. The surfactant preferably includes a sulfonate moiety or other sulfur-containing moiety. The presence of the surfactant in the fluid produced from the subterranean reservoir is preferably determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC-AES, or HPLC-ICP.

A method of enhanced oil recovery wherein: (a) a flooding composition is delivered into a subterranean reservoir; (b) the flooding composition includes a sulfur surfactant; and (c) the fluid produced from the subterranean reservoir can also be analyzed to determine if the surfactant is present in the fluid. The surfactant preferably includes a sulfonate moiety or other sulfur-containing moiety. The presence of the surfactant in the fluid produced from the subterranean reservoir is preferably determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC-AES, or HPLC-ICP.

The co-linear or near co-linear structure of bimetallic Janus-type two-coordinated metal complexes may allow for a large transition dipole moment that can enhance the radiative lifetime. The symmetric nature of the bimetallic Janus complexes diminishes or eliminates the polar nature of the monometallic carbene-metal-amide/arene complexes.

The co-linear or near co-linear structure of bimetallic Janus-type two-coordinated metal complexes may allow for a large transition dipole moment that can enhance the radiative lifetime. The symmetric nature of the bimetallic Janus complexes diminishes or eliminates the polar nature of the monometallic carbene-metal-amide/arene complexes.

The disclosure provides compositions and methods for inhibiting corrosion of a copper surface using a bis-imidazoline compound having an aromatic group, such as an aryl bis-imidazoline. The bis-imidazoline corrosion inhibitor can provide one or more advantage in use such as synergistic performance in aqueous and acidic media at low active dosages, resistance to decomposition or degradation in the presence of harsh reagents, ease of dispersion in an aqueous system, and improved thermal stability over conventional triazole based inhibitors. The disclosure also provides methods for the synthesis of bis-imidazoline compounds.