The present disclosure provides processes for the preparation of a compound of formula: ##STR00001##
which exhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (“ASK1”) inhibitory activity and is thus useful in the treatment of diseases such as kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. The disclosure also provides compounds that are synthetic intermediates.

The invention relates to benzylhydroxyde derivatives of formula (I): The invention also relates to the preparation and the therapeutic use of the compounds of formula (I).

##STR00001##

Compositions comprising thiol-terminated sulfur-containing prepolymers, curing agents reactive with the thiol-terminated sulfur-containing prepolymers, and ionic liquid catalysts, useful in aerospace sealant applications are disclosed. The use of ionic liquid catalysts provides curable sealant compositions having an extended working time and a rapid cure rate.

Disclosed are compounds, compositions and methods for treating of disorders that are affected by the modulation of the GPR40 receptor. Such compounds are represented by Formula (I) as follows: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, W, and A are defined herein.

Disclosed are compounds, compositions and methods for treating of disorders that are affected by the modulation of the GPR40 receptor. Such compounds are represented by Formula (I) as follows: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, W, and A are defined herein.

The present invention relates to antimicrobial imidazolium compounds having the structure of Formula (I) wherein R is an optionally substituted aliphatic group that is linear, cyclic, saturated, unsaturated or any combination thereof; n is an integer of at least 1; and X is an anionic counterion. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, a gel comprising the compound, uses of the compound as an antibiotic and methods for the preparation of the gels.

The present invention relates to antimicrobial imidazolium compounds having the structure of Formula (I) wherein R is an optionally substituted aliphatic group that is linear, cyclic, saturated, unsaturated or any combination thereof; n is an integer of at least 1; and X is an anionic counterion. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, a gel comprising the compound, uses of the compound as an antibiotic and methods for the preparation of the gels.

A hydroformylation process wherein the hydrolyzable organophosphorous ligand component of the catalyst is supplied as a stabilized ligand composition comprising a hydrolyzable organophosphorous ligand and, per 100 moles compound, from 0.05 to 13 acid-neutralizing equivalents of an acid scavenger.

Methods for producing triflazoles or related derivatives thereof, and the resulting products are provided. For example, triflazoles can be prepared by reaction of trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride with an azole or azolate salt. Yields up to 78% are obtained. Triflazoles can be prepared by the reaction of a trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride with an N-silylazole in the presence of a basic catalyst. Yields up to 97% are obtained.

The present invention relates to a compound of formula (I):

##STR00001##

The compound has apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (“ASK1”) inhibitory activity, and is thus useful in the treatment of diseases such as kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis.