Disclosed are compounds of Formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V): ##STR00001##
and/or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is OH or OP(O)(OH).sub.2, and X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, R.sub.2, R.sub.2a, R.sub.a, R.sub.b, and R.sub.c are defined herein. Also disclosed are methods of using such compounds as selective agonists for G protein-coupled receptor S1P.sub.1, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. These compounds are useful in treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas, such as autoimmune diseases and vascular disease.

Disclosed are compounds of Formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V): ##STR00001##
and/or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is OH or OP(O)(OH).sub.2, and X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, R.sub.2, R.sub.2a, R.sub.a, R.sub.b, and R.sub.c are defined herein. Also disclosed are methods of using such compounds as selective agonists for G protein-coupled receptor S1P.sub.1, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. These compounds are useful in treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas, such as autoimmune diseases and vascular disease.

A process for the stereoselective preparation of a chiral alcohol or a chiral amine, the process comprising reacting a first prochiral reactant selected from the group consisting of a ketone, an aldehyde, and an imine, with a second reactant comprising a Grignard reagent, in the presence of a chiral trans-diamine of formula (1) as defined herein:

##STR00001##

Also provided is the use of the chiral trans-diamine of formula (1) in a Grignard reaction and the chiral trans-diamines per se.

A process for the stereoselective preparation of a chiral alcohol or a chiral amine, the process comprising reacting a first prochiral reactant selected from the group consisting of a ketone, an aldehyde, and an imine, with a second reactant comprising a Grignard reagent, in the presence of a chiral trans-diamine of formula (1) as defined herein:

##STR00001##

Also provided is the use of the chiral trans-diamine of formula (1) in a Grignard reaction and the chiral trans-diamines per se.

The present invention relates to the prophylaxis of acute noise-induced hearing loss by administering a compound of formula (I): wherein: W is group (Wa), group (Wb) or group (Wc): ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to the prophylaxis of acute noise-induced hearing loss by administering a compound of formula (I): wherein: W is group (Wa), group (Wb) or group (Wc): ##STR00001##

Provided herein are 3-phenyl-7-hydroxy-isocoumarin compounds which are MIF inhibitors; compositions comprising said inhibitors and methods for treating or preventing diseases associated with MIF.

Provided herein are 3-phenyl-7-hydroxy-isocoumarin compounds which are MIF inhibitors; compositions comprising said inhibitors and methods for treating or preventing diseases associated with MIF.

The present invention discloses one-pot synthesis of various carboxylic acid derivatives using copper catalyst and sodium cyanide as the cyanide source for bringing in carbonylative coupling in a single step.

The present invention discloses one-pot synthesis of various carboxylic acid derivatives using copper catalyst and sodium cyanide as the cyanide source for bringing in carbonylative coupling in a single step.