The present application relates to an ionic compound, an electrolyte solution, a secondary battery and an electrical apparatus, wherein the ionic compound is represented by formula (1); wherein each R.sub.1 is independently selected from alkyl having 1-10 carbon atoms substituted with fluorine or aryl having 6-30 carbon atoms substituted with fluorine, respectively; wherein any two adjacent OR.sub.1 groups and A.sup.? can form a ring through the carbon atom in each R.sub.1 as a site of attachment; A.sup.? represents B.sup.? or Si.sup.?, and Y.sup.+ represents a sodium ion or a potassium ion. The ionic compound can improve the cycling performance of secondary batteries such as sodium-ion batteries and potassium-ion batteries.

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The invention relates to a silane or silane mixture obtainable by reacting a hydrolysable silane of the formula (A): SiR4 in which R is a hydrolytically condensable group or hydroxyl with a compound R*(OH)x where x is 1, 2, 3 or greater 3, where R* has a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon skeleton which, according to the number x, is monovalent, divalent, trivalent or multivalent, and has a hydrocarbonaceous chain interrupted by at least two C(O)O groups, wherein there are a maximum of 8 successive carbon atoms in the individual hydrocarbon units formed by interruptions within this chain and the, or in the case of branched structures at least one, end of the hydrocarbonaceous chain at the opposite end to the sole hydroxyl group or one of the hydroxyl groups bears an organically polymerizable group, wherein the alcohol is otherwise unsubstituted or has further substituents. The invention further relates to an organically modified silica polycondensate formed as a result of hydrolytic condensation of the silane or silane mixture and optionally a subsequent organic polymerization of the organically polymerizable groups, with optional addition of an organic, at least difunctional compound to the silica polycondensate prior to the organic polymerization.

The invention relates to a silane or silane mixture obtainable by reacting a hydrolysable silane of the formula (A): SiR4 in which R is a hydrolytically condensable group or hydroxyl with a compound R*(OH)x where x is 1, 2, 3 or greater 3, where R* has a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon skeleton which, according to the number x, is monovalent, divalent, trivalent or multivalent, and has a hydrocarbonaceous chain interrupted by at least two C(O)O groups, wherein there are a maximum of 8 successive carbon atoms in the individual hydrocarbon units formed by interruptions within this chain and the, or in the case of branched structures at least one, end of the hydrocarbonaceous chain at the opposite end to the sole hydroxyl group or one of the hydroxyl groups bears an organically polymerizable group, wherein the alcohol is otherwise unsubstituted or has further substituents. The invention further relates to an organically modified silica polycondensate formed as a result of hydrolytic condensation of the silane or silane mixture and optionally a subsequent organic polymerization of the organically polymerizable groups, with optional addition of an organic, at least difunctional compound to the silica polycondensate prior to the organic polymerization.

A gas permeable ophthalmic lens material comprises a tetraethoxysilane and an ionic silane. The ionic silane comprises positive charges and negative charges. The lens made therefrom thus comprises positive and negative charges, thus the gas permeable ophthalmic lens is hydrophilic, and prevents adhesion of bacteria in allowing the surface of the human eye to breath. A gas permeable ophthalmic lens made of the gas permeable ophthalmic lens material is also provided.

A gas permeable ophthalmic lens material comprises a tetraethoxysilane and an ionic silane. The ionic silane comprises positive charges and negative charges. The lens made therefrom thus comprises positive and negative charges, thus the gas permeable ophthalmic lens is hydrophilic, and prevents adhesion of bacteria in allowing the surface of the human eye to breath. A gas permeable ophthalmic lens made of the gas permeable ophthalmic lens material is also provided.

This application relates, in part, to novel salts represented by the following structure of Formula (1):

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wherein R.sup.1a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, e.g., CH.sub.3); R.sup.1b is optionally substituted alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, e.g., CH.sub.3); each occurrence of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 can combine with each other to form optionally substituted cycloalkyl; each m and n is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 20 (e.g., m and n is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 5); and each of Q.sup.1.sup. and Q.sup.2.sup. is independently a counterion (e.g., each of Q.sup.1.sup. and Q.sup.2.sup. is independently a counterion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, acetate, carboxylate, hydrogen sulfate, nitrate, and phenolate, and sulfonate, e.g., chloride), and methods of making the same.

Provided herein are silicon-containing recyclable polyamino compounds; epoxy resin compositions containing these silicon-containing reworkable or recyclable polyamino compounds; and methods of their use.

Provided are a composition which includes a compound having a benzodithiol structure and a compound having an OSiO structure and is capable of forming a film that has long-wavelength ultraviolet range shielding properties, high pencil hardness and good light fastness; a film; a glass article; a compound; a high purity composition; a method for producing a compound; and a method for producing a film.

The invention relates to a method of preparing monocyclic aromatic compounds from lignin and to the use of the method and/or the aromatic compounds obtained by the method according to the invention in the production of fuels, electronic components, plastic polymers, rubber, medicines, vitamins, cosmetic products, perfumes, foodstuffs, synthetic threads and fibers, synthetic leathers, adhesives, pesticides and fertilizers. The invention also relates to a method of producing fuels, electronic components, plastic polymers, rubber, medicines, vitamins, cosmetic products, perfumes, foodstuffs, synthetic threads and fibers, synthetic leathers, adhesives, pesticides and fertilizers, including a step of preparing aromatic compounds from lignin using the method according to the invention.

The present invention relates to a production method for a liquid high-purity organosilicon compound, the method comprising the steps of: adding, to a mixture containing an organosilicon compound selected from a group consisting of organomodified silcones and organomodified silanes and impurities, an organic wax having affinity with the impurities and having a higher melting point than the organosilicon compound, melting and mixing while heating, and introducing the impurities into the melted organic wax; obtaining a solidified product of the organic wax by cooling the organic wax; and performing solid/liquid phase separation on the organosilicon compound and the solidified product of the organic wax. With the present invention, it is possible to provide a useful method for producing a high-purity organosilicon compound stably and on a commercial scale.