Provided are a compound represented by formula I that can be used in nucleic acid photoreaction techniques, and a photoreactive crosslinking agent comprising the compound. ##STR00001##

Herein reported are new tricyclic cytidine compounds, such as 8-diethylamino-tC (8-DEA-tC), that respond to DNA and/or RNA duplex formation with up to a 20-fold increase in fluorescent quantum yield as compared with the free nucleoside, depending on neighboring bases. This turn-on response to duplex formation is by far the greatest of any reported nucleoside analogue that can participate in Watson-Crick base pairing. Measurements of the quantum yield of 8-DEA-tC mispaired with adenosine and, separately, opposite an abasic site show that there is almost no fluorescence increase without the formation of correct Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds. Kinetic isotope effects from the use of deuterated buffer show that the duplex protects 8-DEA-tC against quenching by excited state proton transfer. DFT calculations provide a rationale for the observed photophysical properties that is dependent on duplex integrity and the electronic structure of the analogue.

Herein reported are new tricyclic cytidine compounds, such as 8-diethylamino-tC (8-DEA-tC), that respond to DNA and/or RNA duplex formation with up to a 20-fold increase in fluorescent quantum yield as compared with the free nucleoside, depending on neighboring bases. This turn-on response to duplex formation is by far the greatest of any reported nucleoside analogue that can participate in Watson-Crick base pairing. Measurements of the quantum yield of 8-DEA-tC mispaired with adenosine and, separately, opposite an abasic site show that there is almost no fluorescence increase without the formation of correct Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds. Kinetic isotope effects from the use of deuterated buffer show that the duplex protects 8-DEA-tC against quenching by excited state proton transfer. DFT calculations provide a rationale for the observed photophysical properties that is dependent on duplex integrity and the electronic structure of the analogue.

A D-galactopyranose compound of formula (1)

##STR00001## wherein the pyranose ring is α-D-galactopyranose, and these compounds are high affinity galectin-3 inhibitors. Also, pharmaceutical compositions including these compounds. Further, a method for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin-3 to a ligand, such as inflammation, in a mammal, such as a human, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of these compounds is administered to a mammal in need of the treatment.

A D-galactopyranose compound of formula (1)

##STR00001## wherein the pyranose ring is α-D-galactopyranose, and these compounds are high affinity galectin-3 inhibitors. Also, pharmaceutical compositions including these compounds. Further, a method for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin-3 to a ligand, such as inflammation, in a mammal, such as a human, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of these compounds is administered to a mammal in need of the treatment.

A compound of the general formula (1). The compound of formula (1) is suitable for use in a method for treating a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human. Also, a method for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human.

A compound of the general formula (1). The compound of formula (1) is suitable for use in a method for treating a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human. Also, a method for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human.

Compounds, compositions, and methods for treatment and/or prevention of at least one disease, disorder, and/or condition by inhibiting binding of galectin-3 to ligands are disclosed. For example, inhibitors of galectin-3 are described and pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one such agent is described.

Compounds, compositions, and methods for treatment and/or prevention of at least one disease, disorder, and/or condition by inhibiting binding of galectin-3 to ligands are disclosed. For example, inhibitors of galectin-3 are described and pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one such agent is described.

The present disclosure relates to compounds of formula I, which inhibit Gal-3, and include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods using and making such compounds and compositions. ##STR00001##