A paraffin inhibitor composition that exhibits stable properties at low temperature is provided. The composition may contain, for instance, an alkylphenol copolymer having the following repeating units (A) and (B): ##STR00001##
wherein, x is an integer from 1 to 200; y is an integer from 2 to 200; R.sub.1 is a straight or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.15 alkyl; and R.sub.2 is a straight or branched C.sub.16-C.sub.40 alkyl.

A paraffin inhibitor composition that exhibits stable properties at low temperature is provided. The composition may contain, for instance, an alkylphenol copolymer having the following repeating units (A) and (B): ##STR00001##
wherein, x is an integer from 1 to 200; y is an integer from 2 to 200; R.sub.1 is a straight or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.15 alkyl; and R.sub.2 is a straight or branched C.sub.16-C.sub.40 alkyl.

An asphaltene dispersant composition is provided. The composition may contain an alkylphenol copolymer having the following repeating units (A) and (B): ##STR00001##
wherein, x is an integer from 1 to 200; y is an integer from 2 to 200; R.sub.1 is a straight or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.15 alkyl; and R.sub.2 is a straight or branched C.sub.2-C.sub.40 alkyl, wherein R.sub.2 is different than R.sub.1.

An asphaltene dispersant composition is provided. The composition may contain an alkylphenol copolymer having the following repeating units (A) and (B): ##STR00001##
wherein, x is an integer from 1 to 200; y is an integer from 2 to 200; R.sub.1 is a straight or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.15 alkyl; and R.sub.2 is a straight or branched C.sub.2-C.sub.40 alkyl, wherein R.sub.2 is different than R.sub.1.

An alkylphenol copolymer, such as for use in a petroleum composition, is provided. The alkylphenol copolymer has the following repeating units (A) and (B): ##STR00001##
wherein, x is an integer from 1 to 200; y is an integer from 2 to 200; R.sub.1 is a straight or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.15 alkyl; and R.sub.2 is a straight or branched C.sub.2-C.sub.40 alkyl, wherein R.sub.2 is different than R.sub.1.

An alkylphenol copolymer, such as for use in a petroleum composition, is provided. The alkylphenol copolymer has the following repeating units (A) and (B): ##STR00001##
wherein, x is an integer from 1 to 200; y is an integer from 2 to 200; R.sub.1 is a straight or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.15 alkyl; and R.sub.2 is a straight or branched C.sub.2-C.sub.40 alkyl, wherein R.sub.2 is different than R.sub.1.

A polymer, such as for use in a petroleum composition, is provided. The polymer has at least the following repeating unit (I):

##STR00001##

wherein, R.sub.1 includes an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, an aryl, an amine, or -A-YR.sub.10 wherein A is a direct bond or an alkylene; Y is C(O)O, OC(O), C(O)N(R.sub.11), N(R.sub.11)C(O), C(O), N(R.sub.11), O, or S; R.sub.10 includes an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, an aryl, or a polyether; and R.sub.11 is H or an alkyl; R.sub.2 is an alkylene; X is O, N, OC(O), or NC(O); R.sub.3 includes an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, or an aryl; R.sub.4 includes H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, or an aryl; and p is 0 when X is O, OC(O), or NC(O) and p is 1 when X is N.
The present invention also provides a method for forming the aforementioned polymer containing the aforementioned repeating unit (I) as well as a method for using the aforementioned polymer containing the aforementioned repeating unit (I).

The disclosed invention is a process for liquefaction of hydrolysis residue of lignocellulosic biomass, original lignocellulosic biomass or municipal solid waste in alcohol-water media at alkaline conditions, for the production of low-M.sub.w bio-oils. The disclosed process is characterized in that it works for the direct liquefaction of the biomass, and operates under mild conditions (<300 C. and <10 MPa) employing alkali compounds as catalysts (NaOH, KOH, CaO, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, Ca(OH).sub.2 or Ba(OH).sub.2). The process is further characterized in that it employs mixed solvents (glycerol-water, ethylene-glycol, water, glycerol-alcohol-water or ethylene-glycol-alcohol water), where all solvents are recyclable and reusable. The low-Mw bio-oils from hydrolysis residue of lignocellulosic biomass, original lignocellulosic biomass or municipal solid waste can be utilized as a liquid bio-fuel or bio-based chemicals for the production of various bio-based materials.

To provide a thermosetting resin composition that has low elasticity, high heat resistance, high elongation under an ordinary temperature environment and a high temperature environment, high electric insulation reliability, and high adhesion strength to a metal foil, and is capable of providing a prepreg that is excellent in crack resistance; a prepreg including the thermosetting resin composition; a metal foil with a resin including the thermosetting resin composition and a metal foil laminated on each other; a laminate including the prepreg or the metal foil with a resin; a printed wiring board including the laminate; and a semiconductor package including the printed wiring board. Specifically, the thermosetting resin composition contains (A) a phenol-based resin, and the component (A) contains (A-1) a phenol-based resin having an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 10 to 25 carbon atoms.

Processes for manufacturing novolacs and resoles from lignin are disclosed. A phenol-aldehyde-lignin dispersion is formed which can then be used to make either a novolac or a resole, depending upon the catalysts used.