Disclosed are a polymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 2, an organic layer composition including the polymer, and a method of forming patterns using the organic layer composition. ##STR00001## The Chemical Formulae 1 and 2 are the same as defined in the specification.

Provided are: a curable composition for imprinting, which contains a compound C represented by Formula (C1) and a radical polymerization initiator; a kit including the curable composition; a pattern producing method using the curable composition; and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor element, which includes the pattern producing method as a step.

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Provided are: a curable composition for imprinting, which contains a compound C represented by Formula (C1) and a radical polymerization initiator; a kit including the curable composition; a pattern producing method using the curable composition; and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor element, which includes the pattern producing method as a step.

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An environment control system utilizes oxygen and humidity control devices that are coupled with an enclosure to independently control the oxygen concentration and the humidity level within the enclosure. An oxygen depletion device may be an oxygen depletion electrolyzer cell that reacts with oxygen within the cell and produces water through electrochemical reactions. A desiccating device may be g, a dehumidification electrolyzer cell, a desiccator, a membrane desiccator or a condenser. A controller may control the amount of voltage and/or current provided to the oxygen depletion electrolyzer cell and therefore the rate of oxygen reduction and may control the amount of voltage and/or current provided to the dehumidification electrolyzer cell and therefore the rate of humidity reduction. The oxygen level may be determined by the measurement of voltage and a limiting current of the oxygen depletion electrolyzer cell. The enclosure may be a food or artifact enclosure.

An environment control system utilizes oxygen and humidity control devices that are coupled with an enclosure to independently control the oxygen concentration and the humidity level within the enclosure. An oxygen depletion device may be an oxygen depletion electrolyzer cell that reacts with oxygen within the cell and produces water through electrochemical reactions. A desiccating device may be g, a dehumidification electrolyzer cell, a desiccator, a membrane desiccator or a condenser. A controller may control the amount of voltage and/or current provided to the oxygen depletion electrolyzer cell and therefore the rate of oxygen reduction and may control the amount of voltage and/or current provided to the dehumidification electrolyzer cell and therefore the rate of humidity reduction. The oxygen level may be determined by the measurement of voltage and a limiting current of the oxygen depletion electrolyzer cell. The enclosure may be a food or artifact enclosure.

Disclosed is a graft copolymer containing a polyfluorene-based polymer as a main chain and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a side chain, and an element including the same. The graft copolymer contains both the polyfluorene-based polymer and the PVDF, so that the graft copolymer may increase miscibility between polymers to prepare a composite having excellent performance, prepare an uniform thin film through a solution process, and be used as a single material that exhibits both piezoelectric properties and luminescence properties.

A polymer for organic electroluminescent devices having high luminous efficiency and applicable to a wet process is provided. This polymer for organic electroluminescent devices is characterized in that it includes a polymer of a polyphenylene main chain represented by General Formula (1) which is used in at least one layer of an organic layer in an organic electroluminescent device formed by laminating an anode, the organic layer, and a cathode on a substrate, and which has thermally activated delayed fluorescence characteristics (TADF characteristics) (where x is a phenylene group or a linked phenylene group, L is a single bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and A is an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group, or a linked aromatic group, and satisfies S1(A)−T1(A)≤0.50 (eV)).

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A composition which is useful for producing a light emitting device having excellent external quantum efficiency and a light emitting device containing the composition are described. The light emitting device contains an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode and contains a composition containing at least two compounds (A) selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the formula (FH) and a polymer compound containing a constitutional unit having a group obtained by removing from a compound represented by the formula (FH) one or more hydrogen atoms, and a compound (B) having a condensed hetero ring skeleton (b) containing a boron atom and a nitrogen atom in the ring.

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The present invention provides novel methods and processes for polymerizing unsaturated substrates, such as alkyne bearing monomers, with arenes. The polymerizations are catalyzed by gold (Au) catalysts/complexes and/or other cocatalysts. The invention further provides novel structurally complex polymers prepared in high yield via an intermolecular polyhydroarylation mechanism. Such resulting products comprise oligomeric and polymeric materials with novel molecular architectures and microstructures, which subsequently impart unique properties. The invention includes both the synthesis methods and processes and the resulting compounds and compositions of matter.

The present invention provides novel methods and processes for polymerizing unsaturated substrates, such as alkyne bearing monomers, with arenes. The polymerizations are catalyzed by gold (Au) catalysts/complexes and/or other cocatalysts. The invention further provides novel structurally complex polymers prepared in high yield via an intermolecular polyhydroarylation mechanism. Such resulting products comprise oligomeric and polymeric materials with novel molecular architectures and microstructures, which subsequently impart unique properties. The invention includes both the synthesis methods and processes and the resulting compounds and compositions of matter.