The present invention provides, among other aspects, stabilized chromophoric nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are rationally functionalized with a pre-determined number of functional groups. In certain embodiments, the stable chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are modified with a low density of functional groups. In yet other embodiments, the chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are conjugated to one or more molecules. Also provided herein are methods for making rationally functionalized chromophoric nanoparticles.

This disclosure relates generally to electrochromic polymers that include a plurality of -conjugated chromophores in spaced relation with one another, and a plurality of conjugation-break spacers (CBSs), where at least one CBS separates adjacent chromophores. The chromophores may be colored in the neutral state, and multicolored to transmissive in different oxidization states.

The present invention generally relates to electrochromic compounds and the uses thereof, particularly to series of fluoroalkyl 3,4-dioxythiophene compounds and their electrochromic polymers or co-polymers. Both compositions and process for manufacturing thereof are in the scope of this invention.

The present invention generally relates to electrochromic compounds, the synthesis method and the uses thereof, particularly to a family of conjugated electrochromic polymers containing solubilizing side chains, where at least one side chain contains amide functional groups. The disclosed conjugated electrochromic polymers with amide-containing side chains demonstrated excellent redox switching in not only organic but also aqueous media while maintaining high photo contrast. The presence of the amide groups is also beneficial when it comes to lower the oxidation onset potential of the polymers, making them attractive candidates for electrochromic in aqueous environment.

The present invention provides, among other aspects, stabilized chromophoric nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are rationally functionalized with a pre-determined number of functional groups. In certain embodiments, the stable chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are modified with a low density of functional groups. In yet other embodiments, the chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are conjugated to one or more molecules. Also provided herein are methods for making rationally functionalized chromophoric nanoparticles.

Various photocrosslinkable electrochromic polymers are disclosed. The polymers are suitable for an electrochromic layer of an electrochromic device. The polymers are formed with a two-step synthesis method that includes forming a polymer precursor with one or more chromophore blocks, and mixing the polymer precursor with photocrosslinkable monomer units to form the polymer.

A hybrid supercapacitor where the charging state is indicated by color is demonstrated. The device comprises a molecular network that functions as both the battery-type electrode and the charge indicator. Related batteries, electrodes and devices, their processes of preparation and methods of use are provided as well.

The present invention provides, among other aspects, stabilized chromophoric nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are rationally functionalized with a pre-determined number of functional groups. In certain embodiments, the stable chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are modified with a low density of functional groups. In yet other embodiments, the chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are conjugated to one or more molecules. Also provided herein are methods for making rationally functionalized chromophoric nanoparticles.

This disclosure relates generally to electrochromic polymers that include a plurality of -conjugated chromophores in spaced relation with one another, and a plurality of conjugation-break spacers (CBSs), where at least one CBS separates adjacent chromophores. The chromophores may be colored in the neutral state, and multicolored to transmissive in different oxidization states.

The disclosure relates generally to black-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers having superior properties such as absorbance of across the entire visible spectrum and an obvious color change from black to transmissive with an applied voltage. The disclosure also relates to methods for synthesizing or using the same. Further, the disclosure also relates to black-to-transmissive electrochromic polymer thin films comprising the black-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers, as well as electrochromic devices comprising the black-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers or thin films.