The invention relates to conducting and semi-conducting photoreactive compounds, represented by the general formula (I), to the use of these compounds for the preparation of oriented and/or orientation layers; and to their use in the construction of unstructured and structured optical, electro optical or optoelectronic elements and multi-layer systems.

A graphene-containing composite material comprises components of a composite functional material with a double-conductive channel and a polymer matrix. The composite functional material with a double-conductive channel is sulfonated graphene surface grafted conductive polymer poly-3,4-(ethylenedioxythiophene). The composite functional material with a double-conductive channel and the graphene-containing composite material can be used for preparing a piezoresistance response material or an antistatic or electromagnetic shielding material and the like, and have excellent piezoresistance response, piezoresistance repeatability and electromagnetic shielding effect. The present invention is simple and easy to operate, can be used in large scale production, has excellent piezoresistance performance and very sensitive piezoresistance response, with the percolation threshold being only 0.5 wt %; not only the original performance of the polymer can be maintained, but also an unstable conductive network system can be formed, which facilitates the improvement of the sensitivity of the piezoresistance response.

The invention provides for polyfluoreno[4,5-cde]oxepine conjugates and their use in methods of analyte detection.

A method of forming a polymer comprising a conjugated backbone and side-groups pendant from the conjugated backbone wherein the method comprises the steps of: polymerizing one or more monomers to form a precursor polymer comprising the conjugated backbone and precursor groups pendant from the conjugated backbone, and subsequently converting the precursor groups to the side-groups.

A carbazole-based graft copolymer capable of controlling a self-assembled structure and a method of synthesizing the same are provided. Specifically, the copolymer is capable of controlling a self-assembled structure which can control the morphology of a polymer structure and the size of pores by controlling the molecular weights of polylactic acid (PLA) functioning as a coil and of a carbazole copolymer to prepare a poly(carbazole)-coil graft copolymer of Formula 1 below and the method of synthesizing the same is provided. In Formula 1, X represents 0.05 to 0.1, m represents an integer of 7 to 8, and n represents an integer of 56 to 84. ##STR00001##

A carbazole-based graft copolymer capable of controlling a self-assembled structure and a method of synthesizing the same are provided. Specifically, the copolymer is capable of controlling a self-assembled structure which can control the morphology of a polymer structure and the size of pores by controlling the molecular weights of polylactic acid (PLA) functioning as a coil and of a carbazole copolymer to prepare a poly(carbazole)-coil graft copolymer of Formula 1 below and the method of synthesizing the same is provided. In Formula 1, X represents 0.05 to 0.1, m represents an integer of 7 to 8, and n represents an integer of 56 to 84.

##STR00001##

The invention provides for polyfluoreno[4,5-cde]oxepine conjugates and their use in methods of analyte detection.

A supercapacitor electrode comprising a mixture of graphene sheets and humic acid, wherein humic acid occupies 0.1% to 99% by weight of the mixture and the graphene sheets are selected from a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001% to 5% by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof; and wherein said mixture has a specific surface area greater than 500 m.sup.2/g.

Disclosed is a biosensor. The biosensor comprises: an electrode; and a polymer structure disposed on the electrode and formed of poly-5,2:5,2-terthiophene-3-carboxylic acid (pTTCA), wherein an enzyme is present in a state of covalently binding with pTTCA inside the polymer structure.

A graft copolymer comprising polyolefin and engineering thermoplastic components, wherein the thermoplastic component is a polymer comprising heteroatoms or heteroatom containing moieties in its backbone and phenyl or substituted phenyl groups, the polyolefin component covalently bound to the engineering thermoplastic component. The graft copolymer is the reaction product of an engineering thermoplastic having at least one phenylene in the polymer backbone, and a vinyl/vinylidene terminated polyolefin having a weight average molecular weight of at least 300 g/mole, wherein the vinyl/vinylidene terminated polyolefin is selected from polyethylenes, polypropylenes, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyisobutylenes, polydienes, propylene-based elastomers, ethylene-based plastomers, and combinations thereof.