A method is used to provide an electrically-conductive polyaniline pattern by providing a uniform layer of a photocurable composition on a substrate. The photocurable composition comprises a water-soluble reactive polymer comprising (a) greater than 40 mol % of recurring units comprising sulfonic acid or sulfonate groups, and (b) at least 5 mol % of recurring units comprising a pendant group capable of crosslinking via [2+2] photocycloaddition. The photocurable composition is exposed to cause crosslinking via [2+2] photocycloaddition of the (b) recurring units, thereby forming a crosslinked polymer. Any remaining water-soluble reactive polymer is removed. The crosslinked polymer is contacted with an aniline reactive composition having aniline monomer and up to 0.5 molar of an aniline oxidizing agent, thereby forming an electrically-conductive polyaniline disposed either within, on top of, or both within and on top of, the crosslinked polymer.

A preparation method of composite materials having ion exchange function is provided. The method comprises the following steps: adding a trace of strong protonic acid and/or Lewis acid as a catalyst into the material during compounding, to allow nitrile groups of at least one nitrile group-containing ion exchange resin and nitrile groups of functional monomers grafted on the porous fluoropolymer membrane to form a triazine ring crosslinked structure.

A preparation method of composite materials having ion exchange function is provided. The method comprises the following steps: adding a trace of strong protonic acid and/or Lewis acid as a catalyst into the material during compounding, to allow nitrile groups of at least one nitrile group-containing ion exchange resin and nitrile groups of functional monomers grafted on the porous fluoropolymer membrane to form a triazine ring crosslinked structure.

A coating material for a gas barrier includes polycarboxylic acid, a polyamine compound, a polyvalent metal compound, and a base, in which (molar number of —COO— groups included in the polycarboxylic acid)/(molar number of amino groups included in the polyamine compound)=100/20 to 100/90.

A coating material for a gas barrier includes polycarboxylic acid, a polyamine compound, a polyvalent metal compound, and a base, in which (molar number of —COO— groups included in the polycarboxylic acid)/(molar number of amino groups included in the polyamine compound)=100/20 to 100/90.

A novel material is provided herein which is suitable for use in a precursor of a polymer coating material that coats a polymer on a surface of a base material to provide the base material with surface modification and/or functionality assignment. A composite material characterized in that a compound having a polymerization initiation site containing a halogen group is incorporated in a crosslinked structure comprising a catechol derivative or a phenol derivative represented by the following formula (I). In the formula (I), R may be interrupted by an oxygen molecule and represents a hydrocarbon group with 2 to 20 carbons that has at least one double bond site, and A represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or an alkoxy group with 1 to 20 carbons. ##STR00001##

A novel material is provided herein which is suitable for use in a precursor of a polymer coating material that coats a polymer on a surface of a base material to provide the base material with surface modification and/or functionality assignment. A composite material characterized in that a compound having a polymerization initiation site containing a halogen group is incorporated in a crosslinked structure comprising a catechol derivative or a phenol derivative represented by the following formula (I). In the formula (I), R may be interrupted by an oxygen molecule and represents a hydrocarbon group with 2 to 20 carbons that has at least one double bond site, and A represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or an alkoxy group with 1 to 20 carbons. ##STR00001##

A method of making a multilayer sheet includes: forming a substrate including a substrate first surface and a substrate second surface; applying a conductive layer including a base and a conductive coating to the substrate first surface; and applying an ultraviolet cured coating layer to a surface of the conductive layer opposite that in contact with the substrate second surface, wherein the ultraviolet cured coating layer comprises a multifunctional acrylate oligomer and an acrylate monomer; pressing the substrate, conductive layer, and ultraviolet cured coating layer together to form a stack; heating the stack; activating the ultraviolet cured coating layer with an ultraviolet radiation source; and removing the base from the stack leaving a conductive multilayer sheet; wherein the ultraviolet cured coating layer remains adhered to the conductive layer.

A redox-active compound is disclosed that is the reaction product of an electron-withdrawing monomer, a cross-linker, and a redox-active moiety. The cross-linker may be connected to the redox-active moiety through the electron-withdrawing functional group. The redox-active compound has a reduced form and an oxidized form and neither the reduced form nor the oxidized form is decomposed by oxygen. The redox-active compound may be used to create a pH gradient in a fluid stream. A redox-active composition may include the redox-active compound, a binder, and a current collector. The redox-active composition may be part of a membraneless electrochemical cell.

A redox-active compound is disclosed that is the reaction product of an electron-withdrawing monomer, a cross-linker, and a redox-active moiety. The cross-linker may be connected to the redox-active moiety through the electron-withdrawing functional group. The redox-active compound has a reduced form and an oxidized form and neither the reduced form nor the oxidized form is decomposed by oxygen. The redox-active compound may be used to create a pH gradient in a fluid stream. A redox-active composition may include the redox-active compound, a binder, and a current collector. The redox-active composition may be part of a membraneless electrochemical cell.