An electrophotographic member comprising a base layer and an elastic layer on the base layer. The elastic layer comprises a silicone rubber, at least one first cation selected from the group consisting of a cation of Structural Formula (1-1) and a cation of Structural Formula (1-2), at least one second cation selected from the group consisting of a cation of Structural Formula (2-1) and a cation of Structural Formula (2-2), and an anion.

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An electrophotographic member comprising a base layer and an elastic layer on the base layer. The elastic layer comprises a silicone rubber, at least one first cation selected from the group consisting of a cation of Structural Formula (1-1) and a cation of Structural Formula (1-2), at least one second cation selected from the group consisting of a cation of Structural Formula (2-1) and a cation of Structural Formula (2-2), and an anion.

##STR00001##

An electrophotographic member comprising a base layer and an elastic layer on the base layer. The elastic layer comprises a silicone rubber, at least one first cation selected from the group consisting of a cation of Structural Formula (1-1) and a cation of Structural Formula (1-2), at least one second cation selected from the group consisting of a cation of Structural Formula (2-1) and a cation of Structural Formula (2-2), and an anion.

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An adhesive film for polarizing plates, a polarizing plate including the same, and an optical display apparatus including the same are provided. An adhesive film for polarizing plates includes: a (meth)acrylic copolymer, a curing agent, a (meth)acrylic oligomer, and an antistatic agent, and has a modulus of about 0.5 MPa or more at about 25° C. and a surface resistance difference ΔSR of about 1.0 log (Ω/□) or less, as calculated by Equation 1 herein.

An adhesive film for polarizing plates, a polarizing plate including the same, and an optical display apparatus including the same are provided. An adhesive film for polarizing plates includes: a (meth)acrylic copolymer, a curing agent, a (meth)acrylic oligomer, and an antistatic agent, and has a modulus of about 0.5 MPa or more at about 25° C. and a surface resistance difference ΔSR of about 1.0 log (Ω/□) or less, as calculated by Equation 1 herein.

A composite containing a fluorine-containing copolymer, an alkali metal salt, and an ionic liquid. The fluorine-containing copolymer essentially contains: a structural unit represented by formula (1): —[CR.sup.1R.sup.2—CR.sup.3R.sup.4]— wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently H, F, Cl, CF.sub.3, or OR.sup.10, where R.sup.10 is an organic group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is F; and a structural unit represented by formula (2): —[CR.sup.5R.sup.6—CR.sup.7R.sup.8]— wherein R.sup.5 to R.sup.8 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a functional group containing a heteroatom other than the fluorine atom, or a group containing the functional group. At least one of R.sup.5 to R.sup.8 is a functional group containing a heteroatom other than the fluorine atom or a group containing the functional group, and the composite has a volatile content of 0.1 mass % or less.

A composite containing a fluorine-containing copolymer, an alkali metal salt, and an ionic liquid. The fluorine-containing copolymer essentially contains: a structural unit represented by formula (1): —[CR.sup.1R.sup.2—CR.sup.3R.sup.4]— wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently H, F, Cl, CF.sub.3, or OR.sup.10, where R.sup.10 is an organic group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is F; and a structural unit represented by formula (2): —[CR.sup.5R.sup.6—CR.sup.7R.sup.8]— wherein R.sup.5 to R.sup.8 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a functional group containing a heteroatom other than the fluorine atom, or a group containing the functional group. At least one of R.sup.5 to R.sup.8 is a functional group containing a heteroatom other than the fluorine atom or a group containing the functional group, and the composite has a volatile content of 0.1 mass % or less.

Provided are a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition, a protection film, an optical laminate, a polarizing plate, and a display device. Provided is the pressure-sensitive adhesive composition which is excellent in various physical properties, such as endurance reliability, has excellent antistatic characteristics that change little over time. The pressure-sensitive adhesive composition can be used for a protection film, or can be used for an optical film, such as a polarizing plate, for example.

Provided are a composite that can be suitably used as an electrolyte in polymer-based solid-state batteries, and various electrochemical devices using the composite. The composite includes a fluorine-containing elastomer and an alkali metal salt as essential components, wherein the fluorine-containing elastomer is an amorphous fluorine-containing elastomer having a glass transition temperature of 25° C. or less, and the composite has a volatile content of 0.1 mass % or less with respect to the entire composite.

Provided are a composite that can be suitably used as an electrolyte in polymer-based solid-state batteries, and various electrochemical devices using the composite. The composite includes a fluorine-containing elastomer and an alkali metal salt as essential components, wherein the fluorine-containing elastomer is an amorphous fluorine-containing elastomer having a glass transition temperature of 25° C. or less, and the composite has a volatile content of 0.1 mass % or less with respect to the entire composite.