The invention provides a catalyst system and method for the deoxygenation of hydrocarbons, such as bio-oil, using a sulphide-sulfate or an oxide-carbonate (LDH) system. The invention extends to a pyrolysis process of a carbonaceous bio-mass wherein a first combustion zone is carried out in one or more combustion fluidised beds in which a particulate material including chemically looping deoxygenation catalyst particles is fluidised and heated, and a second pyrolysis zone carried out in one or more pyrolysis fluidised beds in which the hot particles, including the catalyst particles, heated in the combustion zone are used for pyrolysis of the bio-mass, said combustion zone being operated at a temperature of from 250 C. to 1100 C., typically around 900 C., and the pyrolysis zone being operated at a temperature of from 250 C. to 900 C., typically 450 C. to 600 C., said catalyst particles being oxygenated in the pyrolysis zone in the presence of oxygenates in the pyrolysis oil and regenerated in the combustion zone either by calcining to drive off the carbon oxides, such as CO.sub.2, or by reduction to its form which is active for deoxygenation of the pyrolysis oil.

Method of producing hydrocarbon fuels from polyolefin waste materials, wherein: polyolefin waste materials are subjected to continuous depolymerisation in a tower flow reactor with a movable packing, which comprises a heating system for heating the lower half of the reaction chamber, where products of depolymerisation are collected in a gaseous state through an outlet in the upper half of the reaction chamber; and the obtained products of depolymerisation are subjected to catalytic hydrogenation and isomerization in an atmosphere of synthesis gas, under atmospheric pressure, to obtain a mixture of hydrocarbon fuels; characterised in that: polyolefin waste materials are mixed with heated elements constituting the packing of the reactor until the surface of the packing elements is coated with a thin layer of plasticised material, wherein in the depolymerisation process that obtained mixture is fed as a stream into the reaction chamber from the top of the chamber, whereas a synthesis gas is fed in a counter current from the bottom, the gas comprising carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H.sub.2) with the molar ratio CO:H.sub.2 being from 0.25 to 1.5: from 0.5 to 3.

The present invention provides a process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from solid biomass and/or residual waste feedstocks, said process comprising the steps of: a) a first stage of hydropyrolysing the solid feedstock in a hydropyrolysis reactor vessel in the presence of molecular hydrogen and one or more deoxygenation catalysts, producing a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H.sub.2O, H.sub.2, CO.sub.2, CO, C.sub.1-C.sub.3 gases, char and catalyst fines; b) removing said char and catalyst fines from said product stream; c) a second stage of hydroconverting said partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalysts and of the H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2, and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 gas generated in step a), producing a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H.sub.2O, CO, CO.sub.2, and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 gases; d) condensing the vapour phase product of step d) to provide a liquid phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and aqueous material and separating said liquid phase product from a gas phase product comprising H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2, and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 gases; e) removing the aqueous material from the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid; and f) a third stage comprising combining an aliphatic hydrocarbon precursor or an aromatic hydrocarbon precursor with at least a portion of the substantially fully deoxygenated C4+ hydrocarbon liquid and co-processing the resultant liquid in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in the presence of hydrogen and one or more hydroprocessing catalysts.

The present invention provides a catalytic fast pyrolysis process for the production of fuel blendstocks and chemicals. In addition, the invention provides compositions of renewable blendstocks, compositions of renewable fuel blends, and compositions of 100 percent renewable fuels compatible with gasoline specifications and regulations.

A method of making a multifunctional catalyst for upgrading pyrolysis oil includes contacting a zeolite support with a solution including at least a first metal catalyst precursor and a second metal catalyst precursor, the first metal catalyst precursor, the second metal catalyst precursor, or both, including a heteropolyacid. Contacting the zeolite support with the solution deposits or adsorbs the first metal catalyst precursor and the second catalyst precursor onto outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the zeolite support to produce a multifunctional catalyst precursor. The method further includes removing excess solution from the multifunctional catalyst precursor and calcining the multifunctional catalyst precursor to produce the multifunctional catalyst comprising at least a first metal catalyst and a second metal catalyst deposited on the outer surfaces and pore surfaces of the zeolite support.

A process is described for producing a BTX cut from biomass comprising at least one step of catalytic pyrolysis of said biomass in a fluidized-bed reactor in which a stream comprising at least one oxygenated compound selected from alcohols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, alcohol acids having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, diols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, carboxylic acids having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, ethers having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, aldehydes having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, esters having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and glycerol, alone or mixed, is fed into the catalytic pyrolysis reactor.

A process for producing BTX and alcohols from biomass, comprising at least a) catalytic pyrolysis of said biomass in a fluidized-bed reactor producing a gaseous pyrolysis effluent; b) separation of said gaseous pyrolysis effluent into at least one BTX fraction and a gaseous effluent comprising at least carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, c) recycling at least part of said gaseous effluent comprising at least carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into the reactor of said step a), d) purging said gaseous effluent recycled according to step c) to produce a purge effluent, e) sending at least part of said purge effluent from step d) into a fermentation step producing a liquid fermentation stream comprising at least one stream comprising at least one oxygenated compound chosen from alcohols, diols, acid alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and esters, alone or as a mixture.

A process for processing mixed plastics comprising simultaneous pyrolysis and dechlorination of the mixed plastics, the process comprising contacting the mixed plastics with a zeolitic catalyst in a pyrolysis unit to produce a hydrocarbon product comprising a gas phase and a liquid phase; and separating the hydrocarbon product into a hydrocarbon gas stream and a hydrocarbon liquid stream, wherein the hydrocarbon gas stream comprises at least a portion of the gas phase of the hydrocarbon product, wherein the hydrocarbon liquid stream comprises at least a portion of the liquid phase of the hydrocarbon product, wherein the hydrocarbon liquid stream comprises one or more chloride compounds in an amount of less than about 100 ppmw chloride, based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon liquid stream, and wherein the hydrocarbon liquid stream is characterized by a viscosity of less than about 400 cP at a temperature of 300 C.

The present invention provides a composition for biomass oil, and a preparation method and use thereof. The composition comprises a biomass and a liquid oil, wherein, based on weight of the biomass, the biomass has a moisture content of 3 wt % to 18 wt %. The biomass is mixed with the liquid oil to obtain a liquid mixture, i.e., the composition for biomass oil. According to the use of the composition for biomass oil in preparation of biomass oil, high-pressure high-temperature hydrolysis is carried out by using water in the biomass, and the polycondensation of coke is avoided under the co-action of hydrogen gas and a catalyst, so that the yield of the coke is lowered, and the yield of the biomass oil is increased.

This disclosure provides a process based on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) treatment for co-processing of high-water-content wastewater sludge and other lignocellulosic biomass for co-production of biogas and bio-crude oil. The mixture of waste activated sludge and lignocellulosic biomass such as birchwood sawdust/cornstalk/MSW was converted under HTL conditions in presence of KOH as the homogeneous catalyst. The operating conditions including reaction temperature, reaction time and solids concentration were optimized based on the response surface methodology for the maximum bio-crude oil production. The highest bio-crude oil yield of around 34 wt % was obtained by co-feeding waste activated sludge with lignocellulosic biomass at an optimum temperature of 310 C., reaction time of 10 min, and solids concentration of 10 wt %. The two by-products from this process (bio-char and water-soluble products) can be used to produce energy as well. Water-soluble products were used to produce biogas through Bio-methane Potential Test (BMP) and were found to produce around 800 mL bio-methane cumulatively in 30 days per 0.816 g of total organic carbon (TOC) or 2.09 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water-soluble products.