A method is disclosed for preparing an aviation fuel composition by subjecting a feedstock of biological and/or recycled origin to cracking in a cracking unit and to fractionation in a fractionation unit to obtain a kerosene fraction. The obtained kerosene fraction is subjected to hydrotreatment in a hydrotreatment unit to form a first jet fuel component. The formed first jet fuel component is mixed with a further jet fuel component to form a fuel composition having a wear scar diameter of 0.78 mm or less, as measured with BOCLE lubricity test method according to ASTM D5001. The feedstock contains one or more of tall oil pitch (TOP), a mixture of sludge palm oil, palm fatty acid distillate and animal fat (FATS), and used lubricant oil (ULO).

A method for converting an alcohol to hydrocarbons comprises two serially placed catalysts. The fraction of aromatics is reduced to desired levels. The method comprises: a) contacting the alcohol with a first catalyst on a carrier, said carrier is selected from a mixed oxide and a mesoporous carrier, said first catalyst comprises at least one basic oxide and optionally at least one selected from the group consisting of metals and metal oxides, then b) contacting the resulting mixture from step a) with a second catalyst wherein said second catalyst is an etched metal loaded zeolite catalyst wherein the etched metal loaded zeolite catalyst is manufactured with a method comprising etching with subsequent loading of metal onto the catalyst, wherein the metal is in the form of nanoparticles, and wherein at least two different metals are loaded onto the etched zeolite catalyst. The hydrocarbons are recovered and used for instance for fuel including gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and jet propellant, and jet fuel. Naturally, other uses of hydrocarbons should not be excluded.

A fluidized catalytic reactor decouples the catalyst regenerator temperature from the catalyst reactor residence time. Regenerated catalyst is cooled before it contacts reactant feed. The regenerated catalyst may be cooled by heat exchange with oxygen supply gas, spent catalyst or other materials. The process and apparatus are especially useful for fluidized endothermic catalytic reactions.

Described is a novel process for disaggregating biomass pyrolysis oil quantitatively into energy dense hydrophobic aromatic fraction (HAF), fermentable pyrolytic sugars and phenolics based products in a highly economical and energy efficient manner. Phase separation of the esterified pyrolysis oil after an oxidative pre-treatment and the quantitative recovery of the separate fractions is described. Phase separation uses batch as well as continuous reactor systems. The resulting HAF is an energy dense, thermally stable, water free, non-corrosive to carbon steel, and is a free flowing liquid suitable for combustion and for upgrading to transportation fuels. Pyrolytic sugars which are mainly anhydrosugars can be further converted by fermentation to ethanol or other products. Monomeric phenols are useful industrial intermediates and the organic acids in the original pyrolysis oil are mainly recovered as esters of the separation solvents.

Methods use a catalytic composition built up from a ceramic material including a catalytic material and a first inorganic binder and a second inorganic binder and a catalytic structure made thereof. Preferably, the structure is made by a colloidal ceramic shaping technique. The structure is used for catalytic or ion exchange applications. The catalytic structures have excellent mechanical, physicochemical and catalytic properties.

A method for producing an isoolefinic stream may include: oligomerizing an ethylene stream to a C4+ olefin stream in a first olefin oligomerization unit comprising a serial reactor and a lights removal column, wherein the C4+ olefin stream contains no greater than 10 wt % of methane, ethylene, and ethane combined; and wherein the ethylene stream contains at least 50 wt % ethylene, at least 2000 wppm ethane, no greater than 1000 wppm of methane, and no greater than 20 wppm each of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; and oligomerizing the C4+ olefin stream and a propylene/C4+ olefin stream in a second oligomerization unit to produce the isoolefinic stream.

A catalyst and process for the deoxygenation and conversion of bio-derived feedstocks. The catalyst comprises a silica-alumina support having specifically defined physical properties and a molybdenum component but a material absence of nickel. The process involves the processing of a bio-derived feedstock having an oxygen content to yield a conversion product having an exceptional distillation profile and physical properties and a substantially reduced oxygen content.

Described is a novel process for disaggregating biomass pyrolysis oil quantitatively into energy dense hydrophobic aromatic fraction (HAF), fermentable pyrolytic sugars and phenolics based products in a highly economical and energy efficient manner. Phase separation of the esterified pyrolysis oil after an oxidative pre-treatment and the quantitative recovery of the separate fractions is described. Phase separation uses batch as well as continuous reactor systems. The resulting HAF is an energy dense, thermally stable, water free, non-corrosive to carbon steel, and is a free flowing liquid suitable for combustion and for upgrading to transportation fuels. Pyrolytic sugars which are mainly anhydrosugars can be further converted by fermentation to ethanol or other products. Monomeric phenols are useful industrial intermediates and the organic acids in the original pyrolysis oil are mainly recovered as esters of the separation solvents.

The invention relates to a process for producing an upgraded renewable oil from renewable carbonaceous material(-s) comprising providing a low sulphur oxygen containing renewable crude oil having a sulphur content of less than 0.5 wt % and an oxygen content from about 2.0 wt to about 20 wt %, pressurising the low sulphur oxygen containing renewable crude oil to an operational pressure in the range 20 to 200 bar, adding and mixing hydrogen to the pressurized low sulphur oxygen containing crude oil, heating the oil to an operational temperature in the range 180-410° C. in one or more steps, contacting said oil with at least one heterogeneous catalyst contained in a first reaction zone, contacting the effluent from said first reaction zone with at least one heterogeneous catalyst contained in a second reaction zone, where in at least one of the heterogeneous catalysts in the first reaction zone and/or the second reaction zone is on a non-sulphided form.

A method is disclosed for preparing an aviation fuel composition by subjecting a feedstock of biological and/or recycled origin to cracking in a cracking unit and to fractionation in a fractionation unit to obtain a kerosene fraction. The obtained kerosene fraction is subjected to hydrotreatment in a hydrotreatment unit to form a first jet fuel component. The formed first jet fuel component is mixed with a further jet fuel component to form a fuel composition having a wear scar diameter of 0.78 mm or less, as measured with BOCLE lubricity test method according to ASTM D5001. The feedstock contains one or more of tall oil pitch (TOP), a mixture of sludge palm oil, palm fatty acid distillate and animal fat (FATS), and used lubricant oil (ULO).