A method for bonding a fluid to a substance includes filling a first pressure vessel with the fluid and pressurizing the first pressure vessel to a first pressure. The fluid is the circulated through an electric arc formed within the first pressure vessel, thereby creating a treated fluid. Within a second pressure vessel, the substance is exposed to a magnetic field, thereby forming a polarized substance. The treated fluid and polarized substance are combined under a second pressure within a third pressure vessel, thereby exposing the treated fluid to the polarized substance at a pressure sufficient to achieve a bond.

Methods and systems to achieve clean fuel processing systems in which carbon dioxide emissions (1) from sources (2) may be processed in at least one processing reactor (4) containing a plurality of chemoautotrophic bacteria (5) which can convert the carbon dioxide emissions into biomass (6) which may then be used for various products (21) such as biofuels, fertilizer, feedstock, or the like. Sulfate reducing bacteria (13) may be used to supply sulfur containing compounds to the chemoautotrophic bacteria (5).

The invention generally relates to a modular crude oil refinery (MOOR). The MOOR is designed for smaller scale deployment with a capacity to process in the range of 3,000-4,000 barrels of crude oil per day in a single production unit and with the potential to scale to over 100,000 barrels per day with linked production units. More specifically, a MOOR includes a low temperature, low pressure primary separation reactor, condensing system and recirculation systems operating in a closed loop configuration that enable the production of both heavy and light hydrocarbon products with substantially no emissions. The MOOR has the capability to receive and process crude-oil feedstocks of varying API gravity and be controlled to produce a variety of both heavy and light products including cleaner-burning bunker fuels, jet fuels, diesel fuels, gasoline fuels and asphalt binders.

A process for hydrotreating a renewable feedstock with improved carbon monoxide management is disclosed. A mixture of renewable feedstock and hydrocarbon feedstock is treated in a hydrotreating reactor to produce a hydrotreated effluent stream and contacting the hydrotreated effluent stream with a water gas shift catalyst bed to produce a shift reactor effluent stream. The shift reactor effluent stream is passed to a cold separator to recover a cold vapor stream and recycling the cold vapor stream having reduced concentration of carbon monoxide to the hydrotreating zone. The subject matter disclosed provides an improved process and apparatus to reduce the accumulation of CO by converting CO present in the hydrotreated effluent stream to CO.sub.2 using the water shift gas reaction.

Distillate boiling range and/or diesel boiling range compositions are provided that are formed from crude oils with unexpected combinations of high naphthenes to aromatics weight and/or volume ratio and a low sulfur content. This unexpected combination of properties is characteristic of crude oils that can be fractionated to form distillate/diesel boiling range compositions that can be used as fuels/fuel blending products with reduced or minimized processing. The resulting distillate boiling range fractions and/or diesel boiling range fractions can have an unexpected combination of a high naphthenes to aromatics weight and/or volume ratio, a low but substantial aromatics content, and a low sulfur content. By reducing, minimizing, or avoiding the amount of hydroprocessing needed to meet fuel and/or fuel blending product specifications, the fractions derived from the high naphthenes to aromatics ratio and low sulfur crudes can provide fuels and/or fuel blending products having a reduced or minimized carbon intensity.

A system and process for refining crude oil to produce higher-purity, cleaner-burning designer fuels with reduced emissions. The crude oil may be treated with viscosity-reductant additives, which reduces viscosity by up to 50% and increases API gravity by more than 2 points. The method of spray-cracking and vacuum-flashing of crude oil separates light end chains and heavy end chains inside the reactor. The vapor is condensed into designer fuels like bunker, diesel, jet/kerosene fuel, naphtha and gasoline fuel using multi-stage horizontal reverse condensate-condenser. The GVF centrifuges are configured to separate targeted fuels of desired density value as per their ideal fuel densities, which carry out centrifugal polishing to generate targeted fuel products of desired density and hydrocarbon molecules of desired purity values. These designer fuels are further treated with desulfurization additive.

The present invention provides a process for the manufacture of a synthetic fuel comprising gasifying a carbonaceous feedstock comprising waste materials and/or biomass to generate a raw synthesis gas; supplying the raw synthesis gas to a primary clean-up zone to wash particulates and ammonia or HCl out of the raw synthesis gas; contacting the synthesis gas in a secondary clean-up zone with a physical solvent for sulphurous materials; contacting the desulphurised raw synthesis gas in a tertiary clean-up zone with a physical solvent for CO.sub.2 effective to absorb CO.sub.2; removing at least part of the absorbed CO.sub.2 in a solvent regeneration stage to recover CO.sub.2 in a form sufficiently pure for sequestration or other use; and supplying the clean synthesis gas to a further reaction train to generate a synthetic fuel.

Distillate boiling range and/or diesel boiling range compositions are provided that are formed from crude oils with unexpected combinations of high naphthenes to aromatics weight and/or volume ratio and a low sulfur content. This unexpected combination of properties is characteristic of crude oils that can be fractionated to form distillate/diesel boiling range compositions that can be used as fuels/fuel blending products with reduced or minimized processing. The resulting distillate boiling range fractions and/or diesel boiling range fractions can have an unexpected combination of a high naphthenes to aromatics weight and/or volume ratio, a low but substantial aromatics content, and a low sulfur content. By reducing, minimizing, or avoiding the amount of hydroprocessing needed to meet fuel and/or fuel blending product specifications, the fractions derived from the high naphthenes to aromatics ratio and low sulfur crudes can provide fuels and/or fuel blending products having a reduced or minimized carbon intensity.

A fuel formulation having a derived cetane number of at least 35 includes a petroleum fraction and a polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OMEx) oligomer mix. The petroleum fraction includes a naphtha fraction with a boiling point in the range from 30° C. to 178° C. The polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether oligomer mix has the general formula H.sub.3CO—(CH.sub.2O).sub.n—CH.sub.3 in which n is between 2 and 7, inclusive. A related method for reducing emissions in a compression-ignited engine includes preparing the fuel formulation having a derived cetane number of at least 35 and combusting the fuel formulation in the compression-ignited engine in place of a diesel fuel, thereby reducing emission of at least one of NOx, CO.sub.2, or particulates from the compression-ignited engine.

A fuel formulation having a derived cetane number of at least 35 includes a petroleum fraction and a polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OMEx) oligomer mix. The petroleum fraction includes a naphtha fraction with a boiling point in the range from 30° C. to 178° C. The polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether oligomer mix has the general formula H.sub.3CO—(CH.sub.2O).sub.n—CH.sub.3 in which n is between 2 and 7, inclusive. A related method for reducing emissions in a compression-ignited engine includes preparing the fuel formulation having a derived cetane number of at least 35 and combusting the fuel formulation in the compression-ignited engine in place of a diesel fuel, thereby reducing emission of at least one of NOx, CO.sub.2, or particulates from the compression-ignited engine.