The invention relates to a CO oxidation promoter additive and a method of its preparation. The CO oxidation promoter additive is having improved apparent bulk density and attrition properties for use in hydrocarbon conversion during fluid catalytic cracking. The CO oxidation promoter additive has a better CO to CO.sub.2 conversion.

Apparatus and methods for denitrification and desulfurization of and dust removal from an FCC tail gas by an ammonia-based process. The apparatus may include a first-stage waste heat recovery system, a denitrification system, a dust removal and desulfurization system, a tail gas exhaust system, and an ammonium sulfate post-processing system. The dust removal and desulfurization system may include a dedusting tower and an absorption tower disposed separately. The top and the bottom of the absorption tower may be connected respectively to the tail gas exhaust system and the ammonium sulfate post-processing system. The absorption tower may include sequentially, from bottom to top, an oxidation section, an absorption section, and a fine particulate control section. The methods may be implemented with the apparatus.

Apparatus and methods for denitrification and desulfurization of and dust removal from an FCC tail gas by an ammonia-based process. The apparatus may include a first-stage waste heat recovery system, a denitrification system, a dust removal and desulfurization system, a tail gas exhaust system, and an ammonium sulfate post-processing system. The dust removal and desulfurization system may include a dedusting tower and an absorption tower disposed separately. The top and the bottom of the absorption tower may be connected respectively to the tail gas exhaust system and the ammonium sulfate post-processing system. The absorption tower may include sequentially, from bottom to top, an oxidation section, an absorption section, and a fine particulate control section. The methods may be implemented with the apparatus.

A heater coil for heating a feedstock comprises an inlet manifold and an outlet manifold having longitudinal extensions that are parallel. A plurality of process tubes are suspended from and in fluid communication with the inlet manifold and the outlet manifold. Each process tube comprises an inlet leg coupled to the inlet manifold, an outlet leg coupled to the outlet manifold, and a U-shaped portion disposed between the inlet leg and the outlet leg for passage of the feedstock therethrough. The inlet manifold and the outlet manifold are elevated with respect to the plurality of process tubes. Each of the plurality of process tubes is aligned such that a width of the plurality of process tubes extends along a direction that is not perpendicular to the longitudinal extensions of the inlet and outlet manifolds.

A process for hydrotreating a feed stream comprising a biorenewable feedstock is disclosed. The process comprises hydrotreating the feed stream in the presence of a hydrotreating hydrogen stream and a hydrotreating catalyst to provide a hydrotreated stream. The hydrotreated stream is separated into a hydrotreated liquid stream and a hydrotreated gas stream. The hydrotreated liquid stream is subjected to stripping to provide a stripper off-gas stream. At least a portion of the stripper off-gas stream is contacted with a caustic stream to provide a sulfur-lean gas stream and a sulfur-rich caustic stream. The sulfur-rich caustic stream is further treated to provide a treated gas stream.

Apparatus and methods for denitrification and desulfurization of and dust removal from an FCC tail gas by an ammonia-based process. The apparatus may include a first-stage waste heat recovery system, a denitrification system, a dust removal and desulfurization system, a tail gas exhaust system, and an ammonium sulfate post-processing system. The dust removal and desulfurization system may include a dedusting tower and an absorption tower disposed separately. The top and the bottom of the absorption tower may be connected respectively to the tail gas exhaust system and the ammonium sulfate post-processing system. The absorption tower may include sequentially, from bottom to top, an oxidation section, an absorption section, and a fine particulate control section. The methods may be implemented with the apparatus.

A method for bonding a fluid to a substance includes filling a first pressure vessel with the fluid and pressurizing the first pressure vessel to a first pressure. The fluid is the circulated through an electric arc formed within the first pressure vessel, thereby creating a treated fluid. Within a second pressure vessel, the substance is exposed to a magnetic field, thereby forming a polarized substance. The treated fluid and polarized substance are combined under a second pressure within a third pressure vessel, thereby exposing the treated fluid to the polarized substance at a pressure sufficient to achieve a bond.

Apparatus and methods for denitrification and desulfurization of and dust removal from an FCC tail gas by an ammonia-based process. The apparatus may include a first-stage waste heat recovery system, a denitrification system, a dust removal and desulfurization system, a tail gas exhaust system, and an ammonium sulfate post-processing system. The dust removal and desulfurization system may include a dedusting tower and an absorption tower disposed separately. The top and the bottom of the absorption tower may be connected respectively to the tail gas exhaust system and the ammonium sulfate post-processing system. The absorption tower may include sequentially, from bottom to top, an oxidation section, an absorption section, and a fine particulate control section. The methods may be implemented with the apparatus.

Compositions for reduction of NO.sub.x generated during a catalytic cracking process, preferably, a fluid catalytic cracking process, are disclosed. The compositions comprise a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst composition, preferably containing a Y-type zeolite, and a particulate NO.sub.x reduction composition containing ferrierite zeolite particles. Preferably, the NO.sub.x reduction composition contains ferrierite zeolite particles bound with an inorganic binder. In the alternative, the ferrierite zeolite particles are incorporated into the cracking catalyst as an integral component of the catalyst. NO.sub.x reduction compositions in accordance with the invention are very effective for the reduction of NO.sub.x emissions released from the regenerator of a fluid catalytic cracking unit operating under FCC process conditions without a substantial change in conversion or yield of cracked products. Processes for the use of the compositions are also disclosed.

This invention is an improvement to refinery Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) additives. The improved is obtained through the adjustment of the particle size distributions of the additives. Narrowing the range of particle size distributions for the additives results in improved performance in a wide range of additive compounds. In addition it allows for removal of the additives when combined with cracking catalysts.