An unleaded gasoline composition comprises, based on the total volume of the unleaded gasoline composition, 50 to 96 vol. % of an unleaded gasoline; 2 to 20 vol. % of a mixed butanol; and 2 to 30 vol. % of a distillate oil fraction comprising a paraffin, an olefin, a naphthene, and an aromatic at an initial boiling point cut of 180° C., wherein the unleaded gasoline, the mixed butanol, and the distillate oil fraction are selected to provide the unleaded gasoline composition with a Research Octane Number of 90 to 101, determined in accordance with ASTM D 2699; and a Motor Octane Number of 81.4 to 90, determined in accordance with ASTM D 2700.

Methods of making a diesel fuel blend having enhanced cold properties; methods of lowering the cloud point of a mineral middle distillate fuel; and diesel fuel blends including a blend of a renewable fuel and a mineral middle distillate fuel.

An upgraded crude composition is provided, along with systems and methods for making such a composition. The upgraded crude composition can include an unexpectedly high percentage of vacuum gas oil boiling range components while having a reduce or minimized amount of components boiling above 593° C. (1100° F.). In some aspects, based in part on the hydroprocessing used to form the upgraded crude composition, the composition can include unexpectedly high contents of nitrogen. Still other unexpected features of the composition can include, but are not limited to, an unexpectedly high nitrogen content in the naphtha fraction; and an unexpected vacuum gas oil fraction including an unexpectedly high content of polynuclear aromatics, an unexpectedly high content of waxy, paraffinic compounds, and/or an unexpectedly high content of n-pentane asphaltenes.

Naphtha boiling range compositions are provided that are formed from crude oils with unexpected combinations of high naphthenes to aromatics weight and/or volume ratio and a low sulfur content. The resulting naphtha boiling range fractions can have a high naphthenes to aromatics weight ratio, a low but substantial content of aromatics, and a low sulfur content. In some aspects, the fractions can be used as fuels and/or fuel blending products after fractionation with minimal further refinery processing. In other aspects, the amount of additional refinery processing, such as hydrotreatment, catalytic reforming and/or isomerization, can be reduced or minimized. By reducing, minimizing, or avoiding the amount of hydroprocessing needed to meet fuel and/or fuel blending product specifications, the fractions derived from the high naphthenes to aromatics ratio and low sulfur crudes can provide fuels and/or fuel blending products having a reduced or minimized carbon intensity.

Naphtha boiling range compositions are provided that can have improved combustion properties (relative to the research octane number of the composition) in spark ignition engines and/or compression ignition engines. The improved combustion properties can be achieved by controlling the total combined amounts of n-paraffins and isoparaffins that include a straight-chain propyl group (R.sub.1—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—R.sub.2). For such a straight-chain propyl group, R.sub.2 can correspond to any convenient C.sub.xH.sub.y group that can appear in a paraffin or isoparaffin. R.sub.1 can correspond to a hydrogen atom, making the straight-chain propyl group a terminal n-propyl group; or R.sub.1 can correspond to any convenient C.sub.xH.sub.y group that can appear in a paraffin or isoparaffin.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first oxide having a phosphate, a ratio of Brønsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites between 0.05 and 1.00, and a total acidity between 50 μmol/g and 300 μmol/g, where the phosphate is at least one of a functional group covalently bonded to the first oxide and/or an anion ionically bonded to the first oxide.

Methods of making a diesel fuel blend having enhanced cold properties; methods of lowering the cloud point of a mineral middle distillate fuel; and diesel fuel blends including a blend of a renewable fuel and a mineral middle distillate fuel.

Methods of making a diesel fuel blend having enhanced cold properties; methods of lowering the cloud point of a mineral middle distillate fuel; and diesel fuel blends including a blend of a renewable fuel and a mineral middle distillate fuel.

A process is provided for forming a fuel or a fuel intermediate from two fermentations that includes feeding an aqueous solution comprising a fermentation product from a first bioreactor to a second bioreactor and/or a stage upstream of the second bioreactor, which also produces the fermentation product. The aqueous solution may be added at any stage of the second fermentation and/or processing steps upstream from the second bioreactor that would otherwise require the addition of water. Accordingly, the product yield is increased while fresh/treated water usage is decreased.

Use of a gasoline fuel composition comprising (a) a major portion of gasoline blending components (b) from 0 vol % to 25 vol % of oxygenated hydrocarbon and (c) from 0.01 vol % to 5 vol % of a diene compound for the purpose of increasing the injection duration at the end of a 48 hour deposit formation phase in a direct injection spark ignition engine by at least 10%.