A multi-stage process for transforming a high sulfur ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil involving a core desulfurizing process that produces a Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil that can be used as a feedstock for subsequent refinery process such as anode grade coking, needle coking and fluid catalytic cracking. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil exhibits multiple properties desirable as a feedstock for those processes including a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass. A process plant for conducting the process is also disclosed.

A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO 8217: 2017 Table 2 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil and resulting product, the process involving: mixing a Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil with a Activating Gas to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil complies with ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 for residual marine fuel and the Environmental Contaminants, which are selected from the group consisting of: a sulfur; vanadium, nickel, iron, aluminum and silicon and combinations thereof, are less than 0.5 wt. %. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil can be used as blending stock for an ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 compliant, IMO 2020 compliant, low sulfur heavy marine fuel composition.

A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO 8217: 2017 Table 2 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil and resulting product, the process involving: mixing a Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil with a Activating Gas to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil complies with ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 for residual marine fuel and the Environmental Contaminants, which are selected from the group consisting of: a sulfur; vanadium, nickel, iron, aluminum and silicon and combinations thereof, are less than 0.5 wt. %. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil can be used as blending stock for an ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 compliant, IMO 2020 compliant, low sulfur heavy marine fuel composition.

Described are methods for shortening the combustion delay of ammonia fuels and reducing the amount of NO formed during the combustion process. The methods include mixing ammonia with hydrogen peroxide and water to form a fuel mixture and then combusting the fuel mixture. Methods of powering an internal combustion engine with ammonia fuels are also described.

An electrolyte as an additive for internal combustion engines for a production of hydrogen concentrations by a hydrogen generation device. A method of making the electrolyte includes weighing sodium borohydride, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydride; adding the sodium hydroxide and the potassium hydride to deionized water to make a first composition; mixing the first composition; adding the sodium borohydride to the first composition to make a second composition; adding more deionized water to the second composition to make a basic electrolyte solution; diluting the basic electrolyte solution by adding more deionized water to make a third composition; and adding approximately 3 to 10 mL of sodium borohydride approximately 4.4008 M to the third composition to make an electrolyte having a final concentration sodium borohydride of approximately 0.05947 M.

An electrolyte as an additive for internal combustion engines for a production of hydrogen concentrations by a hydrogen generation device. A method of making the electrolyte includes weighing sodium borohydride, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydride; adding the sodium hydroxide and the potassium hydride to deionized water to make a first composition; mixing the first composition; adding the sodium borohydride to the first composition to make a second composition; adding more deionized water to the second composition to make a basic electrolyte solution; diluting the basic electrolyte solution by adding more deionized water to make a third composition; and adding approximately 3 to 10 mL of sodium borohydride approximately 4.4008 M to the third composition to make an electrolyte having a final concentration sodium borohydride of approximately 0.05947 M.

The present invention provides a spark ignition fuel mixture, comprising: a) diethyl ether with a content from 33.3 to 50 vol % of the mixture; b) ethanol with a content of at least 27 vol % of the mixture; and c) water with a content of at least 6 vol % of the mixture and not exceeding the ethanol content; wherein the mixture remains in a form of homogeneous liquid at −40° C. The present invention also provides a method of making or handling the spark ignition fuel mixture.

Provided is a gasoline product containing a combustion improver, and a method for preparing the gasoline product. The combustion improver is added to gasoline to reduce an octane number and thus an ignition point of the gasoline, so that the gasoline product can be used in a compression ignition internal combustion engine. The combustion improver-containing gasoline product is a low-octane number gasoline, and is capable of being ignited through compression by an internal combustion engine having a compression ratio in the range from 12 to 22.

A formulation and methods for making high energy organic fuels that incorporate suspended metal particles with metal particle sized ranging from 33 nm to 5 micron. The hybrid organic fuels contain superior density and/or energy content to conventional liquid organic fuels. These hybrid organic fuels used in combination with metal particle afford fuels with 5 to 80% more net heat of combustion (based on volume). These fuels should extend the distant range for jets, liquid rocket engines, SCRAM jet engines, and improve energy content in fuel-air explosive applications such as fuel-air explosives and in the Multi-Effects Weapons System (MEWS) where the fuel is used both for propulsion and explosive effects.

A formulation and methods for making high energy organic fuels that incorporate suspended metal particles with metal particle sized ranging from 33 nm to 5 micron. The hybrid organic fuels contain superior density and/or energy content to conventional liquid organic fuels. These hybrid organic fuels used in combination with metal particle afford fuels with 5 to 80% more net heat of combustion (based on volume). These fuels should extend the distant range for jets, liquid rocket engines, SCRAM jet engines, and improve energy content in fuel-air explosive applications such as fuel-air explosives and in the Multi-Effects Weapons System (MEWS) where the fuel is used both for propulsion and explosive effects.