A droplet formation for fuels is disclosed. The droplet formation for fuels includes an amphiphile. The droplet formation for fuels further includes at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophilic portion. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophobic portion. The droplet, including the hydrophilic portion and the hydrophobic portion, includes characteristics selected for beneficial combustion properties. The selected characteristics include flash point, autoignition temperature, density, viscosity, miscibility, size, combustion temperature, organic properties, inorganic properties, zwitterionic properties, micelle properties, and particulate properties.

This document relates to a fuel oil composition comprising: (i) a solid hydrocarbonaceous and/or solid carbonaceous material, wherein the material is in particulate form, and wherein at least about 90% by volume (% v) of the particles are no greater than about 20 microns in diameter; and (ii) a liquid fuel oil; wherein the solid hydrocarbonaceous and/or solid carbonaceous material is present in an amount of at most about 30 by mass (% m) based on the total mass of the fuel oil composition. The invention further relates a process for the preparation of this fuel oil composition, a method of changing a grade of a liquid fuel oil, and a method for adjusting the flash point of a liquid fuel oil.

The coal-derived solid hydrocarbon particles are discrete particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter having a particle size less than about 10 m that are substantially free of inherent or entrained mineral matter. The particles of have an average particle size in the range from 1 m to 8 m. The particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter are milled to a size approximately the same as a size of coal-derived mineral matter inherent in the coal source to release inherent coal-derived mineral matter particles such that the particles of carbonaceous matter and the particles of mineral matter are discrete and separable solid particles. Following separation, less than 1.5 wt. % discrete coal-derived mineral matter particles are associated with the discrete particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter. Particles of coal-derived solid hydrocarbon matter are blended with a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon fuel to form a two-phase hydrocarbon fuel feedstock.

A slurry suspension is provided, which comprises (a) carbonaceous material particles having an average diameter D.sub.50 comprised between 0.1 m and 200 m; (b) an organic compound comprising at least one amine group; and (c) an organic phase.

The present disclosure relates to a flue gas treatment system (e.g. a multi-pollutant flue gas treatment system) for removal of greenhouse gases such as SO.sub.2, NO, NO.sub.2, H.sub.2S, HCl, water and CO.sub.2 as well as heavy metals (e.g. mercury, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, lead and/or selenium) from the flue gases of fossil-fueled utility and industrial plants by reacting the raw flue gas, firstly, with chlorine in a gas-phase oxidation reaction and recovering the resulting products as marketable products, and then, secondly, treating the cleaned gas, which includes CO.sub.2, with a Sabatier reaction to produce a hydrocarbon fuel (e.g. methane). The system also includes an electrolytic unit for electrolyzing HCl to produce hydrogen gas for the Sabatier reaction as well as chlorine gas, which may then be recycled into the reactor.

The coal-derived solid hydrocarbon particles are discrete particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter having a particle size less than about 10 m that are substantially free of inherent or entrained mineral matter. The particles of have an average particle size in the range from 1 m to 8 m. The particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter are milled to a size approximately the same as a size of coal-derived mineral matter inherent in the coal source to release inherent coal-derived mineral matter particles such that the particles of carbonaceous matter and the particles of mineral matter are discrete and separable solid particles. Following separation, less than 1.5 wt. % discrete coal-derived mineral matter particles are associated with the discrete particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter. Particles of coal-derived solid hydrocarbon matter are blended with a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon fuel to form a two-phase hydrocarbon fuel feedstock.

A slurry suspension is provided, which comprises (a) carbonaceous material particles having an average diameter D.sub.50 comprised between 0.1 m and 200 m; (b) an organic compound comprising at least one amine group; and (c) an organic phase.

The invention provides a method for generating a solid wood-based material and a hemicellulose-derived material from a wood raw material. The method includes treating the wood raw material under aqueous conditions at elevated temperature and pressure to generate a hemicellulose-containing fluid component and a solid component; separating the fluid component from the solid component; processing at least a part of the solid component into a solid wood-based material; and processing the liquid component into a hemicellulose-derived material. The invention also provides for a wood-derived fuel with a low ash content.

The present embodiments describe a method to reduce vanadium corrosion in a gas turbine by adding an oleophilic corrosion inhibitor into a combustion fuel, in which the oleophilic corrosion inhibitor comprises carbon black support particles and magnesium bonded to the carbon black support particles. The carbon black support particles comprise a particle size less than 40 nanometer (nm), and oxygen content less than 1 weight percent (wt %), and a surface area of at least 50 square meters per gram (m.sup.2/gram).

A fuel and nanodiamond mixture includes a fuel for combustion and a fuel additive in the form of nanodiamonds mixed into the fuel to be dispersed throughout the fuel.