Explosive compositions are disclosed herein. The compositions include a diesel fuel and a vacuum gas oil. Some compositions disclosed herein include an emulsion that includes an oxidizer in a discontinuous phase and a blend of diesel fuel and vacuum gas oil in a continuous phase. Methods of manufacturing explosive compositions are also disclosed herein.

A fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines has a fuel component, an alcohol component, a water component, a microemulsion blend, and a cetane-enhancer component. The microemulsion blend includes at least one of lower grade fatty acid derivatives being present in an amount effective for the fuel, alcohol, and water components to form a microemulsion blend. The emulsifier is present in an amount effective for the biodiesel fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier to form an emulsion.

The present disclosure relates to diesel fuel emulsions, a process to make them and the use thereof in a combustion process. The emulsions are comprise a surfactant of formula ##STR00001##
wherein R is a C5-C22 linear or branched, saturated or non-saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, A is ##STR00002##
or CH.sub.2, each X, independently, is H, COOM or SO.sub.3M, with at least one X in the molecule being COOM or SO.sub.3M, each R.sup.2, independently, is H, CH.sub.3, or C.sub.2H.sub.5, k=0-3, each m, independently, is about 2-6, each n, independently, is about 1-6 and the alkylene formed when n>1 may be substituted with alkyl groups, o=0-40, and each M, independently, is selected from H and any cation M.sup.+.

Motor fuel compositions containing ethanol, also known as gasohol, are disclosed, wherein the motor fuel is substantially in one phase and contains, 1 to 50, preferable 2 to 30 weight % of ethanol and an amount of water between 1 and 10 wt. % on the basis of the weight of the ethanol. Such motor fuel compositions can be produced by blending gasoline with hydrous ethanol, thus evading the necessity to use anhydrous ethanol as feedstock. Furthermore such motor fuel compositions may be produced by blending gasoline with hydrous ethanol and anhydrous ethanol, thus evading the necessity to use anhydrous ethanol as the sole feedstock. These motor fuel compositions may contain a second liquid phase that does not form a separate layer, and where no separate liquid phase can be detected by vision, and so meets with the specification that has become known as “clear and bright”.

A water in diesel oil fuel micro-emulsion for internal combustion diesel engines, with a low content of surfactants, a very long shelf-life, a reduced production of pollutants and carbonaceous side-products generated by the combustion and very good engine performance, is described. These emulsions comply with the strict requirements of Italian regulations and are particularly useful as fuels for automotive and heating applications.

A fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines has a fuel component, an alcohol component, a water component, a microemulsion blend, and a cetane-enhancer component. The microemulsion blend includes at least one of lower grade fatty acid derivatives being present in an amount effective for the fuel, alcohol, and water components to form a microemulsion blend. The emulsifier is present in an amount effective for the biodiesel fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier to form an emulsion.

The present disclosure discloses a water-hydrocarbon fuel emulsion comprising: a) 87-99% by weight of at least one hydrocarbon fuel with respect to the emulsion; b) 0.1-10% by weight of water with respect to the emulsion; c) 1-3% by weight of an emulsifying blend with respect to the emulsion; and d) 0.05-1% by weight of at least one inorganic hydride with respect to the emulsion, wherein the emulsifying blend comprises i) at least one oil-soluble nonionic surfactant; ii) at least one water-soluble nonionic surfactant; and iii) at least one ionic surfactant. The present disclosure also reveals a convenient preparation process of the water-hydrocarbon fuel emulsion.

It has been discovered that contaminants such as metals and/or amines can be transferred from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase in an emulsion breaking process by using a composition that contains water-soluble C5-C12 polyhydroxy carboxylic acids, ammonium salts thereof, alkali metal salts thereof, and mixtures of all of these. The composition may also optionally include a mineral acid to reduce the pH of the desalter wash water. The method permits transfer of metals and/or amines into the aqueous phase with little or no hydrocarbon phase undercarry into the aqueous phase. Resolving the emulsion into the hydrocarbon phase and the aqueous phase occurs in a refinery desalting process using electrostatic coalescence. The composition is particularly useful in treating crude oil emulsions, and in removing calcium and other metals therefrom. The polyhydroxy carboxylic acid additionally inhibits metal corrosion of metal pipe or other equipment used in a crude unit.

There is provided an emulsifier comprising at least one C.sub.8 to C.sub.18 fatty acid diethanolamide, at least one C.sub.12 to C.sub.24 fatty acid, at least one C.sub.6 to C.sub.18 alcohol ethoxylate and optionally at least one sorbitan ester and/or at least one alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether. There is additionally provided emulsions comprising a fuel, water and an emulsifier and methods of producing emulsions.

The formation in a liquid hydrocarbon fuel of ice particles having a weight average particle size greater than 1 μm when said liquid hydrocarbon fuel is cooled to temperatures in the range of from 0 to −50° C. can be reduced or eliminated by use of at least one surfactant that is capable of dispersing water in said liquid hydrocarbon fuel to provide a stable clear water-in-oil microemulsion wherein the droplet size of the dispersed water phase is no greater than 0.25 μm.