A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine contains water, a fuel, and an emulsifier package which contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant. A method for powering a diesel engine with the fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of the emulsifier package. An emulsifier package for emulsifying a fuel and water contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant and at least one nonionic surfactant, which is an alkoxylate. The quaternary ammonium surfactant is obtainable by reacting a quaternizable nitrogen compound containing at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group with a quaternizing agent; which converts the at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group to a quaternary ammonium group, where the quaternizing agent is a hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with a free hydrocarbyl-substituted polycarboxylic acid.

A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine contains water, a fuel, and an emulsifier package which contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant. A method for powering a diesel engine with the fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of the emulsifier package. An emulsifier package for emulsifying a fuel and water contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant and at least one nonionic surfactant, which is an alkoxylate. The quaternary ammonium surfactant is obtainable by reacting a quaternizable nitrogen compound containing at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group with a quaternizing agent; which converts the at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group to a quaternary ammonium group, where the quaternizing agent is a hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with a free hydrocarbyl-substituted polycarboxylic acid.

The present disclosure discloses a water-hydrocarbon fuel emulsion comprising: a) 87-99% by weight of at least one hydrocarbon fuel with respect to the emulsion; b) 0.1-10% by weight of water with respect to the emulsion; c) 1-3% by weight of an emulsifying blend with respect to the emulsion; and d) 0.05-1% by weight of at least one inorganic hydride with respect to the emulsion, wherein the emulsifying blend comprises i) at least one oil-soluble nonionic surfactant; ii) at least one water-soluble nonionic surfactant; and iii) at least one ionic surfactant. The present disclosure also reveals a convenient preparation process of the water-hydrocarbon fuel emulsion.

A method for the continuous production of an improved diesel fuel, having enhanced ignition characteristics, more particularly with a greater electric conductivity, enhanced cetane numbers and lubricity and with greater percentage of complete combustion, resulting in less soot production and NOx reduction at the same time in an internal combustion diesel engine, breaking the tradeoff in the emission of those two pollutants from an internal combustion diesel engine.

The invention relates to oil-in-water (water continuous) emulsions that can be used as fuels, and which have high static and dynamic stability, to a process for their preparation, and to fuel compositions comprising such emulsions.

The present disclosure relates to diesel fuel emulsions, a process to make them and the use thereof in a combustion process. The emulsions are comprise a surfactant of formula

##STR00001##

wherein R is a C5-C22 linear or branched, saturated or non-saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, A is

##STR00002##

or CH.sub.2, each X, independently, is H, COOM or SO.sub.3M, with at least one X in the molecule being COOM or SO.sub.3M, each R.sup.2, independently, is H, CH.sub.3, or C.sub.2H.sub.5, k=0-3, each m, independently, is about 2-6, each n, independently, is about 1-6 and the alkylene formed when n>1 may be substituted with alkyl groups, o=0-40, and each M, independently, is selected from H and any cation M.sup.+.

Processes for stabilizing toluenediamine residues are disclosed. These processes include adding a low viscosity, low boiling liquid to a toluenediamine residue composition to form a blend, and optionally, continuously monitoring the viscosity of the blend during addition of the low viscosity, low boiling liquid. The low viscosity, low boiling liquid may be added at 5% to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the blend. Further, the low viscosity, low boiling liquid may be added so that the blend has a viscosity of 10,000 cP or less throughout the temperature range of 40° C. to 95° C. Blends of toluenediamine residue compositions and low viscosity, low boiling liquids such as water, and methods of their use as a fuel are also disclosed.

There is provided a process for producing a fuel comprising: sensing the sulphur content of a liquid hydrocarbonaceous material; admixing liquid aqueous material and the liquid hydrocarbonaceous material in a predetermined ratio, based upon the sensed sulphur content, such that a nanoemulsion is obtained; and converting the nanoemulsion into at least the fuel.

Compositions and methods for production of fatty alcohols using recombinant microorganisms are provided as well as fatty alcohol compositions produced by such methods.

Improved fuel compositions and fuel additive packages which serve to prolong stability at various ambient conditions and to increase fuel efficiency and fuel economy while also significantly reducing the level of multiple emissions constituents generated upon combustion of the fuels including CO.sub.2, NO.sub.X, SO.sub.X, Particulate Matter PM2.5, PM10 and Black Carbon. The fuels may include the hydrocarbon fuels gasolines, diesel fuels, biodiesel fuels, biomass diesel fuels, renewable fuels, synthetic fuels, algae-based fuels, kerosene fuel or heavy fuel oils, or may alternatively be hydrosols, and include an additive package having a sorbitan oleate, a polyoxyethylene alcohol, an alkylene glycol, and an amine. The fuels are mixed with an additive and are emulsified with clean, soft water having a water quality of 1 micron or less.