The invention relates to a process for conversion of a feedstock comprising solid particles into at least a gaseous compound in a reactor comprising a vertically extending swirl chamber comprising a conical upper part with a decreasing diameter in upward direction, at least one tangential inlet at the bottom of the swirl chamber, and an outlet at the upper end of the swirl chamber, wherein the process is selected from pyrolysis, allothermal gasification or carbonization of a carbonaceous feedstock. The invention further relates to a process for conversion of a feedstock comprising solid particles into at least one or more gaseous compounds in such reactor.

A method, for mitigating an environmental condition, may include assessing a geographic area with which the environmental condition is associated; and creating a plan to mitigate the environmental condition. The plan may identify a bio-crop for mitigating the environmental condition and a bio-product to be produced from the bio-crop. The method may also include planting the bio-crop in soil that is located within the geographical area. The bio-crop may be planted in a manner that enables the environmental condition to be mitigated. The method may further include harvesting the bio-crop based on planting the bio-crop; processing the harvested bio-crop to obtain biomass; producing the bio-product based on the biomass; and outputting the bio-product based on producing the bio-product.

The present invention relates to a process for producing a solid biomass fuel from rice husks either alone or in combination with other materials such as calliandra callothyrsus or wood, as well as a solid biomass fuel produced by said process. Additionally, the present invention relates to a combustion process comprising combusting said solid biomass fuel so as to produce energy.

A process for torrefaction of biomass is provided in which biomass are passed into a fluidized bed or a non-fluidized bed reactor and heated to a predetermined temperature in an oxidizing environment. The dried biomass is then fed to a cooler where the temperature of the product is reduced to approximately 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

The present invention relates to a process for cooling hot torrefied biomass, which process comprises the steps of a) applying water onto the hot torrefied biomass, resulting in steam with entrained dust and organic volatiles, and cooled torrefied biomass comprising water; b) condensing the steam with entrained dust and organic volatiles to form a condensate comprising dust and organic volatiles; and c) recycling the condensate comprising dust and organic volatiles to step a).

The invention also relates to a cooling device for cooling hot torrefied biomass enabling the cooling process according to the invention, and a system for producing torrefied biomass comprising such a cooling device.

A torrefaction method comprises forwarding biomass through a process chamber; heating the biomass in the process chamber to a predetermined temperature and pyrolyzing the biomass to release syngas from the biomass, wherein the syngas contains at least 20% of the power contained in the flow of the biomass; and oxidizing the syngas to heat the biomass in the process chamber.

There is described a processor for use in the microwave torrefaction of biomass material which comprises, a micronized biomass char material and a method of producing a biomass char material, and a method of producing L-glucosan.

Methods and systems for forming densified lignocellulose biomass are described. Methods can include torrefaction and densification of a lignocellulose feedstock. Temperature and pressure control and lubricant addition throughout the process can provide for the lignin to dissipate more completely throughout the biomass and better coat the cellulose. The product can include a high level of lignin and low volatiles, both of which can improve the energy density of the product. In addition, the process can include a cooling step that can increase the crystallinity of the solidified lignin, which can further increase bulk density and improve grindability of the product.

A methodology for the removal of the harmful components of the ash of biomass of agro/forest/urban origin and of low-quality coal fuels, as peat, lignite, sub-bituminous and bituminous coals, is invented. The harmful components are alkaline metals, chlorine and sulphur. They are removed before the thermochemical conversion in order to prevent or minimise the corrosion, scaling/deposition, ash agglomeration problems, as well as the alkaline metal, chlorine, sulphur emissions. Furthermore, it aims in the production of materials of low moisture content, low hygroscopicity, which can be easily ground, and mixed with various other materials, easily fed to commercial boilers for energy production, which can be easily pelletised with or without other materials at various proportions and with very low energy requirements. The removal is achieved with pre-pyrolysis/pre-gasification at 250-320 C. for 5 min to 2 h of biomass of agro/forest/urban origin, as well as, of low-quality coal fuels, as peat, lignite, sub-bituminous and bituminous coals. Then the pre-pyrolysed/pre-gasified sample is washed with a 0.5%-20% weight basis aqueous calcium acetate and/or magnesium acetate and/or aluminum acetate and/or ammonium acetate solution. These acetate salts can be mixed in a proportion of 0% to 100% to form an active salt which is used for the preparation of the aqueous solution. Any kind tap water from a public water supply system, spring, etc. can be used for the preparation of aqueous solution. The solid-to-liquid ratio is 33 g/L to 600 g/L, the temperature varies from 13 C. to 95 C., and the treatment duration between 5 min to 24 h.

A manufacturing facility of biomass solid fuel includes: a preheater for preheating pellets; a heat source for preheating; a reactor that torrefies the pellets preheated by the preheater; a circulation path that connects a gas outlet and a gas inlet of the reactor and circulates torrefaction gas generated during torrefaction of the pellets in the reactor, a branch flow path branched from the circulation path to flow the torrefaction gas therethrough; a combustor that receives the torrefaction gas flowing through the branch flow path and combusts the torrefaction gas; a first heat exchanger provided in the circulation path; and a first combustion gas flow path connecting the combustor and the first heat exchanger to flow combustion gas generated in the combustor. The first heat exchanger exchanges heat between the combustion gas generated in the combustor and the torrefaction gas circulating in the circulation path.