A fuel formulation comprising a sugar and ammonia solution, wherein the sugar and ammonia are present in a combined amount of greater than 70 percent by weight of the fuel formulation, and wherein the sugar comprises fructose, glucose, sucrose or a combination thereof.

A low-sulfur coal production method having an excellent desulfurization effect includes bringing coal into contact with a chemical material that is a mixed solution of hydrogen peroxide and acetic anhydride to remove sulfur in the coal. It is preferred that the molar ratio of the acetic anhydride to the hydrogen peroxide is 0.5 to 12.0 inclusive. It is preferred that the acetic anhydride is mixed with the hydrogen peroxide before the chemical material is brought into contact with the coal and the chemical material is brought into contact with the coal after 10 minutes or more has elapsed since the mixing.

A composition including poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material that comprises a clathrate containing oxygen gas (O.sub.2) molecules free of chlorine and a fuel, The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material, such as OX66™ material, is added to a fuel, such as, but not limited to, fuels such as petrol, alcohol and diesel, which are combustible in engines to create significantly increased horsepower and torque. The OX66™ material is added to fuel in different ratios to generate improved performance. The different ratios are based on several Tractors including the type and design of the engine, the type of fuel, and environmental parameters.

Methods of treating a petroleum hydrocarbon fluid are described wherein the petroleum hydrocarbon fluid is contacted with an asphaltene inhibitor composition having an ionic liquid and an asphaltene inhibitor. The ionic liquid has a cation of R.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4N.sup.+ or R.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3N.sup.+R.sup.8N.sup.+R.sup.5R.sup.6R.sup.7 and an anion, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are independently selected from hydrogen, a straight or branched C.sub.1-30 alkyl group, benzyl, a C.sub.7-30 alkylbenzyl group, a C.sub.7-30 arylalkyl group, a straight or branched C.sub.3-30 alkenyl group, a C.sub.1-30 hydroxyalkyl group, a C.sub.7-30 hydroxyalkylbenzyl group, an oxyalkylene or a polyoxyalkylene group or a zwitterion; R.sup.8 is a straight or branched C.sub.1-30 alkylene, an alkylene oxyalkylene or an alkylene polyoxyalkylene; and the anion includes halides, hydroxyl, bicarbonate, carbonate, alkyl carbonates, alkoxides, carboxylates, hydroxycarboxylates or a combination thereof.

A modified carbon material, including a carbonaceous material and a water-insoluble modifier combined with the carbonaceous material, wherein the water-insoluble modifier is CuO, the carbonaceous material is one of or a mixture of biomass carbon or carbon black, a mass of the water-insoluble modifier is being 0.1-10 wt % of the carbonaceous material. The method for preparing the modified carbon material includes: (1) soaking the carbonaceous material in a copper sulfate solution for 5 to 36 hours, and (2) adding an alkali solution into a solution obtained in step (1) to provide a pH value ≥12, and after keeping the pH value for 0.5 to 2 hours, filtering and drying to obtain a solid. (3) using the carbonaceous material as a combustion heat source to reduce the ignition temperature, increase or reduce the peak thermal power temperature.

A composition including poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material that comprises a clathrate containing oxygen gas (O.sub.2) molecules free of chlorine and a fuel, The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material, such as OX66™ material, is added to a fuel, such as, but not limited to, fuels such as petrol, alcohol and diesel, which are combustible in engines to create significantly increased horsepower and torque. The OX66™ material is added to fuel in different ratios to generate improved performance. The different ratios are based on several Tractors including the type and design of the engine, the type of fuel, and environmental parameters.

The invention relates to the use of esters of volatile fatty acids, such esters having a number of carbon atoms between 4 and 8, in a fuel for a petrol engine in order to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons and particles of petrol engines.

The present invention relates to use of Perovskite type of materials as combustion improver in gaseous and liquid fuels. Structurally, the Perovskite material consists of ABO.sub.3, A.sub.xB.sub.1-xC.sub.yO.sub.3 or A.sub.xB.sub.1-xC.sub.yO.sub.3 kind of material with stoichiometric deficiency and oxygen deficient sites. More particularly, the present invention relates to the nanosized perovskite materials stably dispersed in hydrocarbon medium and compatible to the fuel has been used to improve the combustion process and generate more heat output.

An electrochemical power system is provided that generates an electromotive force (EMF) from the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to lower energy (hydrino) states providing direct conversion of the energy released from the hydrino reaction into electricity, the system comprising at least two components chosen from: H.sub.2O catalyst or a source of H.sub.2O catalyst; atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the H.sub.2O catalyst or source of H.sub.2O catalyst and atomic hydrogen or source of atomic hydrogen; and one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The electrochemical power system for forming hydrinos and electricity can further comprise a cathode, an anode, reactants that constitute hydrino reactants during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion mass transport, a source of oxygen, and a source of hydrogen. Due to oxidation-reduction electrode reactions, the hydrino-producing reaction mixture is constituted with the migration of electrons through an external circuit and ion mass transport through a separate path such as the electrolyte to complete an electrical circuit. In an embodiment, the anode is regenerated by intermittent charging with the electrodeposition of the anode metal ion from the electrolyte to the anode wherein an anion exchange with the anode metal oxide provides a thermodynamically favorable cycle to facilitate the electrodeposition.

A solid fuel power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is further provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the solid fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condensor, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (vi

A filter and a poly-oxygenated aluminum hydroxide material comprising a clathrate containing oxygen gas molecules. The poly-oxygenated aluminum hydroxide material removes NOx from an effluent gas, such as gas emitted from an internal combustion engine. The NOx is held in stasis over a range of temperatures, and may be collected.