The use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines I ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1 is a hydrocarbyl radical and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl groups or hydrocarbyl radicals, and where R.sup.2 to R.sup.5 may also form a second and a third tetrahydrooxazine ring, with the proviso that at least one of the substituents has from 4 to 3000 carbon atoms and the remaining substituents, when they are hydrocarbyl radicals, each have from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, as stabilizers for stabilizing inanimate organic material, especially turbine fuels, against the action of light, oxygen and heat.

Aviation gasolines and additives may have manganese-containing anti-knock components. The scavengers herein mitigate the possible deleterious effects from using the manganese-containing anti-knock. The scavengers include molecules with a central atom of a Group 15 element other than nitrogen. Entities that are attached to the central atom are electron withdrawing entities including electron deficient atoms and electron deficient functional groups.

A method for making a catalyst composition that includes a reduction catalyst mixture including a first reduction catalyst and a second reduction catalyst, wherein said first reduction catalyst comprises mixed vanadium oxides and phosphorus oxides, wherein said mixed vanadium and antimony oxides comprises V.sub.4Sb.sub.6O.sub.8, and wherein said second reduction catalyst comprises vanadium and antimony oxides; and an oxidation catalyst comprising ferrocene. The method includes selecting an organic petroleum distillate-soluble solvent that is effective to act as a reducing agent; introducing finely ground V.sub.2O.sub.5 and aqueous H.sub.3PO.sub.4 into said selected organic petroleum distillate-soluble solvent to make a first mixture; adding finely ground V/Sb oxide catalyst to said first mixture to make a second mixture; bringing the second mixture to a boil; cooling the second mixture; and adding the ferrocene or other organometallic Fe-source material to the cooled second mixture to make the catalyst composition.

Disclosed is a catalyst for desulfurization, including (a) an oxide selected from among SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, MgO, MnO, CaO, Na.sub.2O, K.sub.2O and P.sub.2O.sub.3, (b) a metal selected from among Li, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Cd and Pb, and (c) a liquid compound selected from among sodium tetraborate (Na.sub.2B.sub.4O.sub.7.10H.sub.2O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na.sub.2SiO.sub.3) and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2). The catalyst of the invention has a 2:1 type layered structure in which one octahedral layer is interposed between two tetrahedral layers and which has a net negative charge due to occupation of only two of three positively charged sites in the octahedral layer, and the catalyst for desulfurization is provided in the form of a metal chelate compound through chelation with a metal ion, whereby sulfur oxide (SO.sub.x) can be adsorbed and removed at high efficiency upon combustion of a combustible substance.

The present invention includes a fuel injection amount sensor for detecting an injection amount of oil, a pretreatment desulfurization agent injection amount sensor for detecting an injection amount of a pretreatment desulfurization agent, and a control panel for controlling and monitoring the injection amount of the pretreatment desulfurization agent so that the predetermined desulfurization agent is mixed with the fuel in a predetermined mixing ratio. The fuel injection amount sensor is disposed on a fuel supply line between a fuel tank and a marine engine, and the pretreatment desulfurization agent injection amount sensor is disposed between a downstream fuel supply line installed downstream of the fuel injection amount sensor and a pretreatment desulfurization agent tank.

Proposed is a pretreatment desulfurization system including a desulfurization agent storage tank for storing a liquid-phase pretreatment desulfurization agent and a metering pump for supplying the liquid-phase pretreatment desulfurization agent from the desulfurization agent storage tank to a fuel supply line through which marine fuel oil is supplied to a marine engine in a predetermined ratio. Since a fluid mixture composed of the marine fuel oil and the pretreatment desulfurization agent is supplied to the marine engine, sulfur oxides are adsorbed and removed during combustion of the fluid mixture.

A quaternary ammonium salt detergent made from the reaction product of the reaction of: (a) polyalkene-substituted amine having at least one tertiary amino group; and (b) a quaternizing agent suitable for converting the tertiary amino group to a quaternary nitrogen and the use of such quaternary ammonium salt detergents in a fuel composition to reduce intake valve deposits.

The present invention generally relates to one or more compositions and methods for inhibiting the formation of gas hydrate agglomerates in a fluid using a fluorine-containing agent and an anti-agglomerant. The fluid may be contained, for example, in an oil or gas pipeline or refinery.

An absorbent for selective removal of hydrogen sulfide from a fluid stream comprises an aqueous solution of a) a tertiary amine, b) a sterically hindered secondary amine of the general formula (I)

##STR00001##

in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from C.sub.1-4-alkyl and C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl; R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-4-alkyl and C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl, with the proviso that at least one R.sub.4 and/or R.sub.5 radical on the carbon atom bonded directly to the nitrogen atom is C.sub.1-4-alkyl or C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl when R.sub.3 is hydrogen; x and y are integers from 2 to 4 and z is an integer from 1 to 4; where the molar ratio of b) to a) is in the range from 0.05 to 1.0, and c) an acid in an amount, calculated as neutralization equivalent relative to the protonatable nitrogen atoms in a) and b), of 0.05 to 15.0%. One preferred amine of the formula I is 2-(2-tert-butylaminoethoxy)ethanol. The absorbent allows a defined H.sub.2S selectivity to be set at pressures of the kind typical in natural gas processing.

The use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines I

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1 is a hydrocarbyl radical and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl groups or hydrocarbyl radicals, and where R.sup.2 to R.sup.5 may also form a second and a third tetrahydrooxazine ring, with the proviso that at least one of the substituents has from 4 to 3000 carbon atoms and the remaining substituents, when they are hydrocarbyl radicals, each have from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, as stabilizers for stabilizing inanimate organic material, especially turbine fuels, against the action of light, oxygen and heat.