A marking method which is a method of marking a product having a distillation range is disclosed. The method comprises the step of adding to said product a first marker, a second marker and optionally one or more further markers. Each marker has a distillation range including a minimum boiling point (Min BP), a maximum boiling point (Max BP) and a maximum distillation boiling point (Max DBP) which is the temperature at which the maximum volume of the marker distils. Each marker has a different distillation range from each other marker and at least one marker has a Max DBP which is within the distillation range of the product. The first marker has a distillation range in the marked product which extends over the whole of the product distillation range.

A method for enhancing the efficiency of a liquid fuel is described. The method involves the addition of cobalt hydroxystannate nanoparticles to the liquid fuel to produce an enhanced liquid fuel. The cobalt hydroxystannate nanoparticles may be present at a concentration of 50-200 ppm, and may increase the calorific value of the fuel by a factor of 25-52 times.

The invention relates to a specific copolymer obtainable by co-polymerizing at least the following monomers: at least one bicyclic (meth)acrylate ester at least one C8-C24-alkyl (meth)acrylate optionally, and preferably, at least one aromatic vinyl monomer; and optionally other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, whereby the copolymer has a weight averaged molecular weight from 400,000 to 50,000,000 Dalton, as well as to the way to synthesize them and the use of such polymers to modify the rheology of a liquid in which they are soluble.

A method for enhancing the efficiency of a liquid fuel is described. The method involves the addition of cobalt hydroxystannate nanoparticles to the liquid fuel to produce an enhanced liquid fuel. The cobalt hydroxystannate nanoparticles may be present at a concentration of 50-200 ppm, and may increase the calorific value of the fuel by a factor of 25-52 times.

An aviation gasoline composition comprising an impure iso-octane fraction, at least one xylene and at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction in said composition is a fraction comprising at least 90 mol % iso-octane and having a final boiling point of at least 180 C. and is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol. % based on the composition, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94 and the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170 C. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together an impure iso-octane fraction, xylene, at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane, optionally ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and optionally methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine, either alone or in combination with methanol or a methanol and water mixture.

The present invention is directed to a process that produces solid methane gas that is stable at room temperature such that the solid methane gas is capable of storage and shipment without specialized equipment. The process includes an apparatus for preparing solid methane gas, a method for using the apparatus, a method for preparing mixtures for use with the apparatus and resulting compositions. Solid methane gas is obtained by using a sophisticated apparatus and solid methane gas complexes having many different ingredients and ingenious methods. Methane gas flows through the sophisticated apparatus to be cooled and ultimately mixed with the solid methane bed complex at subzero Celsius conditions to create solid methane that is stable at room temperature. This solid methane is capable of being turned back into methane gas.

Operation of a thermochemical regenerator to generate soot or to increase the amount of soot generated improves the performance of a furnace with which the thermochemical regenerator is operated.

A systems and method for manufacturing a base stock from an ethanol stream are described herein. An example method includes dehydrating an ethanol stream to form an impure ethylene mixture, recovering an ethylene stream from the impure ethylene mixture, and oligomerizing the ethylene stream to form a raw oligomer stream. A heavy olefinic stream is distilled from the raw oligomer stream. The heavy olefinic stream is hydro-processed to form a hydro-processed stream, and the hydro-processed stream is distilled to form the base stock.

Operation of a thermochemical regenerator to generate soot or to increase the amount of soot generated improves the performance of a furnace with which the thermochemical regenerator is operated.

Methods are provided to prepare a low sulfur fuel from hydrocarbon sources, such as light tight oil and high sulfur fuel oil, often less desired by conventional refiners, who split crude into a wide range of differing products and may prefer presence of wide ranges (C3 or C5 to C20 or higher) of hydrocarbons. These fuels can be produced by separating feeds into untreated and treated streams, and then recombining them. Such fuels can also be formulated by combinations of light, middle and heavy range constituents in a selected manner as claimed. Not only low in sulfur, the fuels of this invention are also low in nitrogen and essentially metals free. Fuel use applications include on-board large marine transport vessels but also on-shore for large land based combustion gas turbines, boilers, fired heaters and transport vehicles and trains.