A method of monitoring renewable carbon in fuel streams in a refinery or blend facility while co-processing a bio-feedstock with a fossil feedstock or blending a renewable product with a fossil product wherein the method provides for quantification of renewable C14 carbon content to adjust the total renewable content to a targeted renewable content in situ while lowering the limit of detection.

This invention relates to low sulfur marine bunker fuel compositions and methods of making the same. The invention also relates to an uncracked, hydrotreated vacuum resid for use in making the low sulfur marine bunker fuel composition. Contrary to conventional marine/bunker fuel compositions, the low sulfur marine/bunker fuel composition uses mostly uncracked components, including a (cat feed) hydrotreated vacuum resid. The low sulfur marine/bunker fuel composition can also have reduced contents of residual components.

A fuel additive composition comprising an anthocyanidin; an amino acid; and a catalyst. The anthocyanidin may comprise delphinidin chloride. The amino acid may comprise aspartic acid, leucine acid, glutamic acid, a non-natural amino acid, or a combination thereof. Embodiments of the present invention also relate to a method for making of fuel additive, the method comprising: providing an anthocyanidin; contacting the anthocyanidin with an amino acid to form an anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture; contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with a catalyst. The method may further comprise contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with ethanol and/or an acid. The method may further comprise adjusting the pH of the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture to less than 7.

An aviation gasoline composition comprising an impure iso-octane fraction, at least one xylene and at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction in said composition is a fraction comprising at least 90 mol % iso-octane and having a final boiling point of at least 180 C. and is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol. % based on the composition, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94 and the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170 C. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together an impure iso-octane fraction, xylene, at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane, optionally ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and optionally methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and may he used in a spark ignition aviation engine, either alone or in combination with methanol or a methanol and water mixture.

The present invention relates to a composition for scavenging hydrogen sulphide and/or mercaptans in hydrocarbon streams, the composition comprising an oxazolidine compound and a synergistic additive.

A filter and a poly-oxygenated aluminum hydroxide material comprising a clathrate containing oxygen gas molecules. The poly-oxygenated aluminum hydroxide material removes NOx from an effluent gas, such as gas emitted from an internal combustion engine. The NOx is held in stasis over a range of temperatures, and may be collected.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe binder materials from birch bark, methods of making the binder materials, fuel compositions comprising the binder materials, methods of forming the fuel compositions in the form of pellets and/or briquettes, and the like.

An aviation gasoline composition comprising an impure iso-octane fraction, at least one xylene and at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction in said composition is a fraction comprising at least 90 mol % iso-octane and having a final boiling point of at least 180 C. and is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol. % based on the composition, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94 and the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170 C. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together an impure iso-octane fraction, xylene, at least one C.sub.4 or C.sub.5 alkane, optionally ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and optionally methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine, either alone or in combination with methanol or a methanol and water mixture.

A composition including poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material that comprises a clathrate containing oxygen gas (O.sub.2) molecules and a fuel. The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material, such as OX66 material, is added to a fuel, such as, but not limited to, fuels such as petrol, alcohol and diesel, which are combustible in engines to create significantly increased horsepower and torque. The OX66 material is added to fuel in different ratios to generate improved performance. The different ratios are based on several factors including the type and design of the engine, the type of fuel, and environmental parameters.

The invention provides a process for the production of a fully synthetic heavy fuel oil, said process including at least fractionation of hydrocarbons obtained from the hydroconversion of C5 and heavier Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process products to obtain a product that is heavier than a middle distillate and has an ASTM D86 cut-off temperature in excess of 350 C. Further, the invention provides a fuel made in accordance with the process.